{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:41:33Z","timestamp":1787071293046,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]],"date-time":"2025-09-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758240000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J West Afr Coll Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Contemporary maxillofacial osteosynthesis has become the standard of care in Nigeria. Grey literature exists on the fate of implanted hardware in the world\u2019s most populous Black nation. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the rate and indications for hardware removal following open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) of facial fractures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 10-year (2013\u20132022) retrospective review of patients\u2019 charts at a tertiary hospital in Nigeria was undertaken. Demographics, location and duration of implants\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in situ<\/jats:italic>\n                      and indications for removal were retrieved and entered into a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      One hundred and nine patients of 381 patients who sustained facial fractures during the study period underwent ORIF using titanium implants. Osteosynthesis hardware were removed in three patients (2.8%), all of who were males. Indications for removal include plate migration and infection (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1) and asymptomatic removal (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 2; patient\u2019s request and growth concern in a child). Overall, nine plates and 38 screws were removed. These comprised seven plates and 30 screws removed from the mandible and two plates and eight screws retrieved from the maxilla. Mandibles accounted for 77.8% of the implanted hardware that were removed. Titanium implants were removed within the fifth month (plate migration and infection), sixth month (growth concern) and 2 years of placement (patient\u2019s request).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hardware removal rate in our centre is lower than the previously reported rates elsewhere. Indications for removal were plate migration and infection, prophylactic removal in paediatric patients and patient\u2019s wish.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_168_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,22]],"date-time":"2025-09-22T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1758538810000},"page":"293-296","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Fate of Implanted Maxillofacial Plates and Screws after Facial Fractures: A 10-Year Review"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Bamidele A.","family":"Famurewa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Aregbesola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dare J.","family":"Adebiyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwayanmife T.","family":"Jeje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Dentistry, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oluwafemi A.","family":"Ayilara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals Complex, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(10)80016-3","article-title":"Rigid skeletal fixation of fractures","volume":"51","author":"Ellis","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0002-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1202596","article-title":"Complications of rigid internal fixation","volume":"2","author":"Campbell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"key":"CIT0003-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1570074","article-title":"Review of maxillofacial hardware complications and indications for salvage","volume":"9","author":"Rosa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"key":"CIT0004-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(96)90645-X","article-title":"Removal of asymptomatic bone plates used for orthognathic surgery and facial fractures","volume":"54","author":"Alpert","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0005-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S0278-2391(96)90644-8","article-title":"Retention of asymptomatic bone plates used for orthognathic surgery and facial fractures","volume":"54","author":"Haug","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0006-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2009.02.016","article-title":"The fate of titanium miniplates and screws in maxillofacial surgery: A 10 years retrospective study","volume":"38","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0007-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2010.01.005","article-title":"Symptomatic plate removal after treatment of facial fractures","volume":"38","author":"Thoren","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Craniomaxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0008-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.07.001","article-title":"Is the removal of osteosynthesis plates after orthognathic surgery necessary? Retrospective long-term follow-up study","volume":"47","author":"Sukegawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0009-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/ajt.ajt_15_16","article-title":"Changing pattern in the treatment of mandibular fractures in North-Western Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Ibikunle","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr J Trauma"},{"key":"CIT0010-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1001\/archfaci.3.2.79","article-title":"Resorbable plate fixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery-long-term outcome","volume":"3","author":"Imola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"CIT0011-20260608","first-page":"1","article-title":"Is the routine removal of titanium plates and screws following miniplate osteosynthesis of maxillofacial bone fractures justified? A fifteen-year experience in a maxillofacial centre, Saudi Arabia","volume":"6","author":"Daniels","year":"2021","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"},{"key":"CIT0012-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2016.42.4.182","article-title":"Mini-plate removal in maxillofacial trauma patients during a five-year retrospective study","volume":"42","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"CIT0013-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.01.006","article-title":"Removal of bone plates in patients with maxillofacial trauma: A retrospective study","volume":"105","author":"Bakathir","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"CIT0014-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/19433875211022573","article-title":"Resorbable versus titanium rigid fixation for pediatric mandibular fractures: A systematic review, institutional experience and comparative analysis","volume":"15","author":"Pontell","year":"2022","journal-title":"Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_168_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:44:13Z","timestamp":1787067853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_168_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_168_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944","2992-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"},{"value":"2992-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-14","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}