{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:37:51Z","timestamp":1787841471872,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J West Afr Coll Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Angular deformities of the lower extremities are common in children and are a frequent reason for orthopaedic referral. These deformities, which are usually encountered when children start to walk are typically measured using the tibiofemoral angle (TFA), which represents the angle formed by the intersection of the anatomical axis of the femur with the anatomical axis of the tibia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n This study aimed to determine the TFA in healthy South-Eastern Nigerian children, and to determine the effect of gender and age on this angle.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This cross-sectional study was done in Enugu metropolis with 3147 school children and adolescents aged 3\u201317 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n It was found that the majority of the subjects (97.6%) had valgus TFA. The maximum knee valgus angle from the study was 6.8\u00b0 \u00b1 0.80\u00b0 at 4 years. Thereafter, the knee valgus angle declined to a mean of 2\u00b0 at 17 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n There were physiological changes in TFAs noted, which vary with regards to both age and gender of the subject.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_172_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,20]],"date-time":"2024-07-20T03:00:08Z","timestamp":1721444408000},"page":"408-411","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Normal Development of Tibiofemoral Angle in Healthy South-Eastern Nigerian Children: A Clinical Study on 3147 Children"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Henry","family":"Nnyagu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Obinna","family":"Obiegbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Udo","family":"Anyaehie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Orthopaedic Hospital, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikeabbah Emeka","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Anambra State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0002-20240907","first-page":"249","article-title":"Physiological alignment of lower limb changes during childhood: A clinical study in south-west Greece","volume":"1","author":"Kaspiris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv Biomed 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genuvalgum","volume":"13","author":"Health","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Paediatr Orthop"},{"key":"CIT0011-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1302\/2046-3758.28.2000157","article-title":"Clinical tibiofemoral angle in South Indian children","volume":"2","author":"Mathew","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bone Joint Res"},{"key":"CIT0012-20240907","first-page":"579","article-title":"Normal development of knee angle in healthy Indian children: A clinical study of 215 children","volume":"4","author":"Saini","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Orthop"},{"key":"CIT0013-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/01241398-199103000-00003","article-title":"Angular and rotational profile of the lower limb in 2,630 Chinese children","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Pediatr Orthop"},{"key":"CIT0015-20240907","first-page":"301","article-title":"Normal values of knee angle, intercondylar and intermalleolar distance in Nigerian children","volume":"22","author":"Omololu","year":"2003","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"},{"key":"CIT0016-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"Influence of body position on tibiofemoral angle measurement in children","volume":"21","author":"Akinpelu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int Journ Ortho Surg"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_172_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:56:46Z","timestamp":1787839006000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_172_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_172_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944","2992-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"},{"value":"2992-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-10-28","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}