{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:04:23Z","timestamp":1787169863803,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":4,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"\n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To compare the pain relief achieved using sub-Tenon anesthesia with that of sub-conjunctival anesthesia technique in intraocular surgery at the Guinness Eye Centre Onitsha Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n Consecutive adult patients who had intraocular surgery under local anesthesia were randomized into having sub-Tenon (3\u2009mL) or sub-conjunctival (0.5\u2009mL) injections using xylocaine \u00b1 adrenaline. The manual suture-less surgery technique was used for cataract surgery alone and cataract surgery with pterygium excision; the extra-capsular cataract extraction technique was adopted for combined trabeculectomy and cataract surgery. Surgery duration was recorded. Patient\u2019s pain perception graded as none, mild, moderate or severe.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n 100 patients made up 51 (51.0%) males and 49 (49.0%) females, age range was 31\u201388 years, median \u2013 68 years, participated. Sub-Tenon anesthetic technique was used in 52 (52.0%) and sub-conjunctival in 48 (48.0%) participants. Seventy-eight (78.0%) patients had cataract surgery; 10 (10.0%) had trabeculectomy; 7 (7.0%) had combined trabeculectomy and cataract surgery and 5 (5.0%) had pterygium excision with cataract surgery. The mean surgery duration in the sub-Tenon anesthesia group was 31.8\u2009\u00b1\u20098.5 minutes and 30.2\u2009\u00b1\u20099.8 minutes in the sub-conjunctival group (P > 0.05). Fifty (96.2%) patients in the sub-Tenon group and 38 (79.2%) in the sub-conjunctival group experienced mild or no pains; 2 (4.2%) patients in the sub-Tenon group and 10 (20.8%) in the sub-conjunctival group experienced moderate to severe pains (P < 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n Both sub-conjunctival and sub-Tenon anesthetic achieved effective analgesia in intraocular surgery. But sub-Tenon anesthesia is significantly associated with lower incidence of severe pains.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_175_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T06:36:42Z","timestamp":1694759802000},"page":"27-30","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Sub-tenon Versus Sub-conjunctiva Anaesthesia for Intraocular Surgery"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"Sebastian N. N.","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victoria O.","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyriacus Ugochukwu","family":"Akudinobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chizoba Udoka","family":"Uba-Obiano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chinasa A.","family":"Nnubia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiana O.","family":"Ubaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nonso Ejikeme","family":"Okpala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adaora Amaoge","family":"Onyiaorah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R4-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.82","article-title":"Local anesthesia for ophthalmic surgery. Joint guidelines from the royal college of anaesthetists and the royal college of ophthalmologists","volume":"26","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"R6-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.86767","article-title":"Retrobulbar versus subconjunctival anesthesia for cataract surgery","volume":"14","author":"Nwosu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R7-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2021.10.006","article-title":"Cataract in the adult eye preferred practice pattern","volume":"129","author":"Miller","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R8-5-20240907","first-page":"125","article-title":"Intraocular pressure, retrobulbar anaesthesia and digital ocular massage","volume":"13","author":"Nwosu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_175_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:14Z","timestamp":1787166854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_175_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"references-count":4,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_175_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}}}