{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1787071022769,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J West Afr Coll Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute post-operative pain is one of the most common adverse effects of surgery experienced by children following herniotomy. Methods of managing this adverse effect include the use of caudal block, pre-incisional field block, and parenteral analgesics. We therefore sought to determine the incidence of complications and parental satisfaction following caudal block versus combination of pre-incisional field block and rectal diclofenac suppository for post-herniotomy analgesia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a randomised single-blind controlled clinical trial carried out in the Modular theatre of the Jos University Teaching Hospital. Fifty-eight children aged 1\u20136 years scheduled for elective day case open unilateral inguinal herniotomy with an American society of anesthesiologists of I and II were recruited and randomised into groups A and B; 1 mL\/kg of 0.25% plain bupivacaine was administered caudally to group A, while 1 mL\/kg of 0.25% plain bupivacaine and 1 mg\/kg of diclofenac suppository were administered via pre-incisional field block to group B. Presence of complications such as nausea, vomiting, and pain was noted. Parental satisfaction with post-operative analgesia was assessed using a 5-point Likert item. Data collected were analysed using the SPSS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Patients in the two study groups were comparable with respect to the measured parameters. Two (6.9%) patients in the caudal block group experienced vomiting, while three (10.3%) patients in both study groups had hypotension. Twenty-six (89.7%) and 19 (65.5%) parents in the caudal block group and field block with diclofenac suppository group were, respectively, \u201cvery satisfied\u201d (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0001). No parent was either dissatisfied or extremely dissatisfied.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Both caudal block with plain bupivacaine and pre-incisional field block with plain bupivacaine plus diclofenac suppository showed comparable efficacy in the incidence of minimal complications. No parent was either dissatisfied or extremely dissatisfied with the techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_188_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T10:01:43Z","timestamp":1757412103000},"page":"146-150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Incidence of Complications and Parental Satisfaction Following Pain Relief Methods in Paediatric Herniotomy: Caudal Block Versus Pre-incisional Field Block and Diclofenac Suppository Approach"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Precious B.","family":"Kpalap","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohanna M.","family":"Usman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Husseina A.","family":"Aliyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rimamkanati","family":"Shaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kefas T.","family":"Malau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel I.","family":"Nuhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, University of Jos\/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry Y.","family":"Embu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, University of Jos\/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erdoo S.","family":"Isamade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Management, University of Jos\/Jos University Teaching Hospital, Jos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0001-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2015.116","article-title":"The effects of pre-incision field block versus post incision inguinal wound infiltration on postoperative pain after paediatric herniotomy","volume":"3","author":"Olanipekun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Maced J Med Sci"},{"key":"CIT0002-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.183250","article-title":"Caudal analgesia for herniotomy: Comparative evaluation of two dose schemes of bupivacaine","volume":"20","author":"Akpoduado","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"CIT0003-20260318","first-page":"165","article-title":"Comparison of caudal anaesthesia and ilioinguinal block for paediatric inguinal surgeries and post-operative analgesia","volume":"7","author":"Kataria","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Sci Study"},{"key":"CIT0004-20260318","first-page":"95","article-title":"Caudal bupivacaine and midazolam versus bupivacaine alone for pain relief in paediatric ambulatory groin surgeries","volume":"5","author":"Adetoye","year":"2017","journal-title":"PACCJ"},{"key":"CIT0005-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7176.116232","article-title":"How to calculate sample size for different study design in medical research","volume":"35","author":"Charan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indian J Psychol Med"},{"key":"CIT0006-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_146_22","article-title":"Paediatric groin surgeries: A comparison of analgesic effects of caudal block and inguinal field block using plain bupivacaine","volume":"12","author":"Kalu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J West Afr Coll Surg"},{"key":"CIT0007-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.4103\/0259-1162.172332","article-title":"Postoperative analgesia in paediatric herniotomy \u2013 Comparison of caudal bupivacaine to bupivacaine with diclofenac suppository","volume":"10","author":"Amminnikutty","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaesth Essays Res"},{"key":"CIT0008-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9101900108","article-title":"A comparison of post-operative analgesia provided by wound infiltration or caudal analgesia","volume":"19","author":"Schindler","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"CIT0009-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.105868","article-title":"Ultrasound-guided ilioinginal\/iliohypogastric nerve blocks versus caudal block for post-operative analgesia in children undergoing unilateral groin surgery","volume":"6","author":"Abdellatif","year":"2012","journal-title":"Saudi J Anaesth"},{"key":"CIT0010-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5049.98774","article-title":"Effect of pre-operative rectal diclofenac suppository on post-operative analgesic requirement in cleft palate repair: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"56","author":"Adarsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Anaesth"},{"key":"CIT0011-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1715","DOI":"10.1185\/03007995.2010.486301","article-title":"Diclofenac: An update on its mechanism of action and safety profile","volume":"26","author":"Gan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr Med Res Opin"},{"key":"CIT0012-20260318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1089\/10926410252832384","article-title":"Preemptive analgesia for paediatric peritoneoscopy, comparing caudal block and acetaminophen","volume":"6","author":"Golladay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Paed Endosurg Innov Technol"},{"key":"CIT0013-20260318","first-page":"304","article-title":"Anaesthesia for ambulatory paediatric surgery: Common techniques and complications","volume":"28","author":"Imarengiaye","year":"2009","journal-title":"West Afr J Med"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_188_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:40:27Z","timestamp":1787067627000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_188_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_188_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944","2992-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"},{"value":"2992-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-11","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-04","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}