{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:03:53Z","timestamp":1787169833467,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"\n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study is to determine the hospital incidence and pattern of conjunctival fungal flora in adult patients at the Guinness Eye Center Onitsha, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n New adult patients, without anterior segment disease, were randomly recruited. Using a sterile swab stick, specimen was taken from the inferior conjunctival fornix of each participant\u2019s right eye and inoculated into Sabouraud dextrose agar slant in a test tube and incubated at 27\u00b0C. The specimens were examined for fungal growth every 48 h for 4 weeks. Specimens with fungal growth were further examined under a high power microscope for fungal identification and characterization.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n A total of 225 patients (105 males, 120 females) were examined. The age range was 18\u201375 years; mean age was 41\u2009\u00b1\u200917.1 years; 62 (27.6%) were culture-positive: 25 (40.3%) were males and 37 (59.7%) were females (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n >0.05). Both moulds and yeasts were isolated with moulds constituting 44 (74.2%).\n Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n [26 (41.9%)] and\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n [16 (25.8%)] were the commonest organisms. Participants >60 years had the greatest burden. Pensioners (61.5%), traders (44.0%), farmers (30.1%), and artisans (27.3%) were occupational groups with significantly higher proportions of culture-positive specimens (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n \n Over a quarter of new adult patients without anterior segment disease harbour fungi, some of which are pathogenic, in their conjunctival fungal organisms. While\n Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n and\n Candida<\/jats:italic>\n were the commonest isolates, older participants, pensioners, traders, farmers, and artisans had significantly higher proportion of culture-positive specimens. These findings should be considered when formulating pre-operative guidelines for ocular surgery in our environment.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_216_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,15]],"date-time":"2023-09-15T06:41:45Z","timestamp":1694760105000},"page":"79-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Conjunctival Fungal Flora in a Tertiary Eye Hospital in Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Benjamin U.","family":"Adukwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian N. 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Influence of topical and systemic steroids","volume":"52","author":"Williamson","year":"1968","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000303619","article-title":"summarizing report on mycotic super-infections in disease of lid borders, conjunctiva and cornea","volume":"138","author":"Fazakas","year":"1959","journal-title":"Ophthalmologica"},{"key":"R15-13-20240907","first-page":"164","article-title":"Study of the normal conjunctival flora (bacterial and fungal) and its relations to external ocular infections","volume":"20","author":"Rao","year":"1972","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-13-20240907","first-page":"315","article-title":"Epidemiological characteristics and laboratory diagnosis of fungal keratitis. A three-year study","volume":"51","author":"Bharathi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-13-20240907","first-page":"43","article-title":"A comparative study of conjunctiva disorders in technical and administrative sawmill workers in Nigeria","volume":"18","author":"Njinnaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"Malaysian J Med Sci"},{"key":"R18-13-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mycotic keratitis (experimental and clinical studies)","volume":"15","author":"Agarwal","year":"1967","journal-title":"J All India Ophthalmol Soc"},{"key":"R19-13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.71596","article-title":"Incidence and complications of traditional eye medications in Nigeria in a teaching hospital","volume":"17","author":"Ukponmwan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Middle East Afr J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(69)90007-5","article-title":"Fungi from the normal outer eye","volume":"67","author":"Wilson","year":"1969","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-13-20240907","first-page":"727","article-title":"Direct fungal infections of the eye in Britain","volume":"89","author":"Jones","year":"1969","journal-title":"Trans Ophthalmol Soc UK"},{"key":"R22-13-20240907","first-page":"198","article-title":"Fungal normal flora of conjunctiva in healthy individuals in Babol, northern Iran","volume":"12","author":"Soleymani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Iran Red Crescent Med J"},{"key":"R23-13-20240907","first-page":"165","article-title":"Mycological studies in keratitis","volume":"61","author":"Dasgupta","year":"1973","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"R24-13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)75075-5","article-title":"Spectrum of microbial keratitis in South Florida","volume":"90","author":"Liesegang","year":"1980","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R25-13-20240907","first-page":"346","article-title":"Blindness and visual impairment in Anambra State, Nigeria","volume":"46","author":"Nwosu","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trop Geogr Med"},{"key":"R26-13-20240907","first-page":"41","article-title":"Affectations of conjunctiva and cornea in Bendel State of Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Ayanru","year":"1976","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci"},{"key":"R27-13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4114","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.09-3507","article-title":"Causes of blindness and visual impairment in Nigeria: The Nigeria National Blindness and Visual Impairment Survey","volume":"50","author":"Abdull","year":"2009","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R28-13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.4103\/njo.njo_38_16","article-title":"Normal conjunctival bacterial flora versus povidone iodine","volume":"25","author":"Mbakigwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Niger J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_216_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:13:49Z","timestamp":1787166829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_216_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_216_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}}}