{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:36:32Z","timestamp":1787070992179,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757116800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J West Afr Coll Surg"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Lichen planus is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory mucocutaneous disease affecting the skin and oral mucosa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objectives of the study were to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of topical Amlexanox, Curcuma longa extract, and clobetasol propionate in the treatment of oral lichen planus (OLP).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 45 patients with OLP were randomly divided into three groups: Group I (Amlexanox), Group II (Curcuma longa extract), and Group III (Clobetasol propionate). Baseline recordings of pain and burning sensation were conducted using the visual analog scale (VAS) and numeric rating scale (NRS). Clinical signs of erythema, ulceration, and lesion size were evaluated and recorded. All patients were evaluated at weekly intervals during the 2-month therapy period, as well as during follow-up for 3 months (at 15-day intervals).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amlexanox showed a significant reduction in pain and burning sensation, along with a decrease in clinical signs of OLP. However, complete remission was not achieved, and mild reappearance of erythema was observed. Curcuma longa extract also showed a significant reduction in pain and burning sensation, with a considerable reduction in clinical signs to a tolerable level. This reduction remained static during the follow-up period. Clobetasol propionate demonstrated higher efficacy in reducing pain, burning sensation, and clinical signs of OLP. Although complete remission was achieved during the therapy period, the reappearance of pain, burning sensation, and clinical signs was noted during follow-up visits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Amlexanox and Curcuma longa extract reduce the signs and symptoms of OLP to a tolerable level, with improvement remaining static after the cessation of therapy. Clobetasol propionate causes complete remission of signs and symptoms of OLP, but there is a higher chance of recurrence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/jwas.jwas_40_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T11:00:20Z","timestamp":1757415620000},"page":"255-261","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["To Evaluate and Compare the Effectiveness of Topical Amlexanox, Curcuma Longa Extract, and Clobetasol Propionate in the Treatment of Oral Lichen Planus: An Original Research"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Reva","family":"Bembi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Genesis Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Ferozepur, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpit","family":"Sikri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Crown and Bridge and Oral Implantology, Bhojia Dental College & Hospital, Budh (Baddi), Teh. Baddi, Distt. Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jyotsana","family":"Sikri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Bhojia Dental College and Hospital, Budh (Baddi), Teh. Baddi, Distt. Solan, Himachal Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neha","family":"Vaid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, JCD Dental College, Sirsa, Haryana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Saigal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deepak","family":"Samdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dasmesh Institute of Research and Dental Sciences, Faridkot, Punjab, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"CIT0002-20260608","first-page":"S25.e1","article-title":"Oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid lesions: Diagnostic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"103","author":"Hashimi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"CIT0003-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.49.89","article-title":"Oral lichen planus and lichenoid reactions: Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, management and malignant transformation","volume":"49","author":"Ismail","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"CIT0004-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/154411130201300405","article-title":"The pathogenesis of oral lichen planus","volume":"13","author":"Sugerman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oral Biol Med"},{"key":"CIT0005-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2010.00979.x","article-title":"Oral lichen planus and the p53 family: What do we know?","volume":"40","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"CIT0006-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.50.377","article-title":"Steroids in the treatment of lichen planus: A review","volume":"50","author":"Thongprasom","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"CIT0007-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1111\/jop.12083","article-title":"Novel therapies for oral lichen planus","volume":"42","author":"Thongprasom","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"CIT0008-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2007.06.022","article-title":"Validation of instruments to measure the symptoms and signs of oral lichen planus","volume":"105","author":"Chainani-Wu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"CIT0009-20260608","first-page":"494","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: Clinical presentation and management","volume":"68","author":"Edwards","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Canad Dental Assoc"},{"key":"CIT0011-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.jcri.259","article-title":"Oral lichen planus: A case series","volume":"6","author":"Okade","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Adv Clin Res Insights"},{"key":"CIT0012-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.4103\/jiaomr.jiaomr_55_20","article-title":"Management of oral lichen planus based on the existing clinical practice guidelines","volume":"32","author":"Uma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"CIT0013-20260608","first-page":"95","article-title":"Formulation, development, evaluation of calcitriol and clobetasol propionate ointment","volume":"1","author":"Pasupathi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Res Pharma Biotechnol"},{"key":"CIT0014-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0714.2003.00173.x","article-title":"Systemic and topical corticosteroid treatment of oral lichen planus: A comparative study with long-term follow up","volume":"32","author":"Carbone","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"CIT0015-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2006.01327.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of two oral pastes for the treatment of recurrent aphthous stomatitis","volume":"13","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"CIT0016-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-593X.1000086","article-title":"Repurposing amlexanox as a \u201crun the red light cure-all\u201d with read through \u2013 A \u2018no-nonsense\u2019 approach to personalised medicine","volume":"5","author":"Loudon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bioanal Biomed"},{"key":"CIT0017-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-1363.166922","article-title":"Comparative study of the efficacy of curcumin and turmeric oil as chemopreventive agents in oral submucous fibrosis: A clinical and histopathological evaluation","volume":"22","author":"Das","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Indian Acad Oral Med Radiol"},{"key":"CIT0018-20260608","first-page":"44","article-title":"Curcumin: A magic spice for oral potentially malignant disorders","volume":"5","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Phytother"},{"key":"CIT0019-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034509356169","article-title":"Curcumin produces an antihyperalgesic effect via antagonism of TRPV1","volume":"89","author":"Yeon","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"key":"CIT0020-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oooo.2011.10.013","article-title":"Amlexanox is as effective as dexamethasone in topical treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: A short-term pilot study","volume":"113","author":"Fu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol"},{"key":"CIT0021-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.52.251","article-title":"Possible action mechanism for curcumin in pre-cancerous lesions based on serum and salivary markers of oxidative stress","volume":"52","author":"Rai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Oral Sci"},{"key":"CIT0022-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"752","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2011.04.022","article-title":"High-dose curcuminoids are efficacious in the reduction in symptoms and signs of oral lichen planus","volume":"66","author":"Chainani-Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Am Acad Dermatol"},{"key":"CIT0023-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.127651","article-title":"Turmeric \u2013 A new treatment option for lichen planus: A pilot study","volume":"4","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat J Maxillof Surg"},{"key":"CIT0024-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0714.2008.00688.x","article-title":"Topical clobetasol in the treatment of atrophic \u2013 Erosive oral lichen planus: A randomized controlled trial to compare two preparations with different concentrations","volume":"38","author":"Carbone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Oral Pathol Med"},{"key":"CIT0025-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1067\/moe.2002.120522","article-title":"Treatment of severe chronic oral erosive lesions with clobetasol propionate in aqueous solution","volume":"93","author":"Gonzalez-Moles","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"key":"CIT0026-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5149","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-021-04072-7","article-title":"Efficacy of topical non\u2011steroidal immunomodulators in the treatment of oral lichen planus: A systematic review and meta\u2011analysis","volume":"25","author":"da Silva","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Oral Investig"},{"key":"CIT0027-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.4103\/ijd.ijd_1065_20","article-title":"Curcuma longa in the treatment of symptomatic oral lichen planus: A non-randomized controlled trial","volume":"67","author":"Khaitan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol"},{"key":"CIT0028-20260608","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.4103\/jispcd.jispcd_113_23","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of amlexanox in the treatment of erosive oral Lichen planus: A clinical experience from a tertiary care center","volume":"14","author":"Roy","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"CIT0029-20260608","first-page":"e61242","article-title":"Evaluation of the effectiveness of Amlexanox in the treatment of erosive oral lichen planus: A clinical experience from a tertiary care center","volume":"16","author":"Chelluri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Int Soc Prev Community Dent"},{"key":"CIT0030-20260608","first-page":"121","article-title":"Triamcinolone acetonide, amlexanox and tacrolimus as topical application for oral erosive lichen planus: Clinical effectiveness and evaluation","author":"Kumar","year":"2025","journal-title":"South Eastern Eur J Public Health"}],"container-title":["Journal of West African College of Surgeons"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_40_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:40:03Z","timestamp":1787067603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_40_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/jwas.jwas_40_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["2276-6944","2992-5827"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2276-6944","type":"print"},{"value":"2992-5827","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-02-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-04","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}