{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:11:10Z","timestamp":1788887470728,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"133","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Occupational noise is a well-recognized hazard in industrial workplaces, yet its implications for metallurgical research laboratories have received comparatively limited attention despite the widespread use of high-noise equipment. Although systematic personal dosimetry studies of laboratory researchers are currently unavailable, evidence from industrial and equipment-engineering studies indicates that common metallurgical processes, including ball milling, mechanical alloying, grinding, polishing, powder processing, and high-temperature operations, can generate sound pressure levels approaching or exceeding recommended occupational exposure limits. Laboratory-scale high-energy mills, in particular, have been reported to produce substantially higher noise levels than conventional industrial rotary mills, suggesting the potential for significant occupational exposure. This review critically examines the principal sources of occupational noise in metallurgical research laboratories and the factors influencing exposure, including equipment characteristics, operating conditions, processing duration, and laboratory design. It synthesizes current knowledge on both auditory effects, such as noise-induced hearing loss and tinnitus, and non-auditory impacts, including stress, fatigue, impaired concentration, and reduced work efficiency. The review also evaluates existing occupational noise exposure standards, measurement and monitoring approaches, and engineering, administrative, and personal protective strategies for noise control. The available evidence demonstrates that current understanding of noise exposure in metallurgical research laboratories is largely derived from industrial studies rather than direct laboratory measurements, highlighting a critical knowledge gap. The review emphasizes the need for systematic exposure assessment, personal noise dosimetry, and interdisciplinary research to characterize occupational noise risks better and support the development of effective noise management strategies for safer and healthier metallurgical research environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nah.nah_145_26","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T10:03:31Z","timestamp":1788343411000},"page":"874-884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occupational Noise Exposure in Metallurgical Research Laboratories: A Review Based on Industrial Evidence with Implications for Research Settings"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sheetal Kumar","family":"Dewangan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260908","first-page":"1225","article-title":"Global burden and trends of occupational noise-induced hearing loss (1990-2021) and projection to 2040","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R3-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13090777","article-title":"Review of health hazards in high-entropy alloy processing under laboratory conditions and risk assessment using a simple risk scoring model","volume":"13","author":"Dewangan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"key":"R4-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20690","article-title":"Exposure to hazardous workplace noise and use of hearing protection devices among US workers-NHANES, 1999\u20132004","volume":"52","author":"Tak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"R5-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8998.6.3.182","article-title":"The interactive effect of chronic exposure to noise and job complexity on changes in blood pressure","volume":"6","author":"Melamed","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Occup Health Psychol"},{"key":"R6-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.10346","article-title":"Effects of occupational noise exposure on 24-hour ambulatory vascular properties in male workers","volume":"115","author":"Chang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"key":"R7-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"em0118","DOI":"10.21601\/ejeph\/12229","article-title":"Workplace safety and occupational health job risks hazards in public health sector in Greece","volume":"6","author":"Adamopoulos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Environ Public Health"},{"key":"R8-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4421","DOI":"10.1007\/s11665-021-05552-3","article-title":"Microstructure and mechanical properties of nanocrystalline AlCrFeMnNiWx (x\u2009=\u20090, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5) high-entropy alloys prepared by powder metallurgy route","volume":"30","author":"Dewangan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Mater Eng Perform"},{"key":"R10-20260908","first-page":"101211","article-title":"A review on high-temperature applicability: a milestone for high-entropy alloys","volume":"35","author":"Dewangan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eng Sci Technol Int J"},{"key":"R11-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"052001","DOI":"10.1088\/2053-1591\/aabbca","article-title":"Structure and properties of lightweight high entropy alloys: a brief review","volume":"5","author":"Maulik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater Res Express"},{"key":"R12-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1080\/21663831.2014.912690","article-title":"High-entropy alloys: a critical review","volume":"2","author":"Tsai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mater Res Lett"},{"key":"R13-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.3166\/acsm.31.633-648","article-title":"Recent progress in high-entropy alloys","volume":"31","author":"Yeh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Chim Sci Mater"},{"key":"R14-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actamat.2017.06.027","article-title":"Mapping the world of complex concentrated alloys","volume":"135","author":"Gorsse","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Mater"},{"key":"R15-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1557\/jmr.2018.153","article-title":"Development and exploration of refractory high entropy alloys: a review","volume":"33","author":"Senkov","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Mater Res"},{"key":"R16-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1109\/TIA.1973.349999","article-title":"A study in ball-mill noise control","volume":"IA-9","author":"Johnson","year":"1973","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Ind Appl"},{"key":"R17-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5860","DOI":"10.3390\/ma17235860","article-title":"Improvement of the foaming agent feeding process to an electric arc furnace by analyzing the sound generated by an electric arc and the coefficient of variation of active power consumption","volume":"17","author":"Schwietz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Materials"},{"key":"R18-20260908","first-page":"410","article-title":"Experimental evaluation of noise emission by workshop machines","volume":"8","author":"Anjorin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Sci Res Publ"},{"key":"R19-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3879","DOI":"10.1121\/1.5134465","article-title":"Occupational noise exposure: a review of its effects, epidemiology, and impact with recommendations for reducing its burden","volume":"146","author":"Themann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"R20-20260908"},{"key":"R21-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2018.08.023","article-title":"Hybrid noise control using multiple Helmholtz resonator arrays","volume":"143","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl Acoust"},{"key":"R22-20260908","first-page":"37","article-title":"Silencer design for the control of low frequency noise in ventilation ducts","volume":"6","author":"Carlsson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Designs (Basel)"},{"key":"R23-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107475","DOI":"10.1016\/j.buildenv.2020.107475","article-title":"The effect of a mobile HEPA filter system on \u201cinfectious\u201d aerosols, sound and air velocity in the SenseLab","volume":"188","author":"Bluyssen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Build Environ"},{"key":"R24-20260908","first-page":"67","article-title":"Estimation of sound pressure level exposures from sound power level measurements of powered hand-tools","volume":"55","author":"Hayden","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am Ind Hyg Assoc J"},{"key":"R25-20260908","year":"2019"},{"key":"R26-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20223","article-title":"The global burden of occupational noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"48","author":"Nelson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"},{"key":"R29-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-7-137","article-title":"Interaction of smoking and occupational noise exposure on hearing loss","volume":"7","author":"Pouryaghoub","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R30-20260908","first-page":"38","article-title":"Directive 2003\/10\/EC on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (noise)","volume":"L42","year":"2003","journal-title":"Off J Eur Union"},{"key":"R32-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12062347","article-title":"Noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"12","author":"Natarajan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R33-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61613-X","article-title":"Auditory and non-auditory effects of noise on health","volume":"383","author":"Basner M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R34-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14077","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2845-09.2009","article-title":"Adding insult to injury: cochlear nerve degeneration after \"temporary\" noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"29","author":"Kujawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R35-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.58.1.46","article-title":"Audiometric notch as a sign of noise-induced hearing loss","volume":"58","author":"McBride","year":"2001","journal-title":"Occup Environ Med"},{"key":"R36-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1159\/000506894","article-title":"Effect of noise exposure on 1,382 metallurgical workers in periodic audiometric evaluation: a cohort study","volume":"25","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Audiol Neurootol"},{"key":"R37-20260908","first-page":"5763","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of occupational noise-induced hearing loss among workers in the steel industry","volume":"20","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R38-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2015.02.009","article-title":"Synaptopathy in the noise-exposed and aging cochlea","volume":"330","author":"Kujawa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"R39-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3389\/fnsys.2014.00026","article-title":"Cochlear neuropathy and the coding of supra-threshold sound","volume":"8","author":"Bharadwaj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front Syst Neurosci"},{"key":"R40-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.11.003","article-title":"An integrative model of tinnitus based on a central gain controlling neural sensitivity","volume":"35","author":"Nore\u00f1a","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Biobehav Rev"},{"key":"R41-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqv148","article-title":"Systematic review of the cardiovascular effects of occupational noise","volume":"66","author":"Skogstad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Occup Med"},{"key":"R42-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1097\/AUD.0000000000001077","article-title":"Five-year longitudinal cohort study determines the critical intervals for periodic audiometric testing based on 5070 tests of metallurgical workers exposed and nonexposed to noise","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ear Hear"},{"key":"R43-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a035493","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a035493","article-title":"Hidden hearing loss: a disorder with multiple etiologies and mechanisms","volume":"10","author":"Kohrman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"key":"R44-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heares.2024.108967","article-title":"Hidden hearing loss: fifteen years at a glance","volume":"443","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Hear Res"},{"key":"R45-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1093\/bmb\/ldg033","article-title":"Noise pollution: non-auditory effects on health","volume":"68","author":"Stansfeld","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"R46-20260908","first-page":"1088","article-title":"Association between aircraft, road and railway traffic noise and sleep disturbances: results of the NORAH sleep study","volume":"13","author":"Seidler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R47-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0332600","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0332600","article-title":"Health effects of occupational noise exposure on heavy-duty equipment operators in Ghana","volume":"20","author":"Cudjoe","year":"2025","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R48-20260908","first-page":"73","article-title":"Suggested guidelines for studying the combined effects of occupational exposure to noise and chemicals on hearing","volume":"4","author":"Morata","year":"2002","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"R51-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph21070894","article-title":"A scoping review on occupational noise mitigation strategies and recommendations for sustainable ship operations","volume":"21","author":"Febriyanto","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R52-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1121\/1.405406","article-title":"Complex noise exposures: an energy analysis","volume":"93","author":"Ahroon","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Acoust Soc Am"},{"key":"R53-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020285","article-title":"WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: a systematic review on environmental noise and cognition","volume":"15","author":"Clark","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R54-20260908","first-page":"1","article-title":"WHO environmental noise guidelines for the European region: noise and sleep","volume":"20","author":"Basner M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"R55-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msea.2003.10.257","article-title":"Microstructural development in equiatomic multicomponent alloys","volume":"375-377","author":"Cantor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mater Sci Eng A"},{"key":"R57-20260908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.22429","article-title":"Trends in worker hearing loss by industry sector, 1981\u20132010","volume":"58","author":"Masterson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Ind Med"}],"container-title":["Noise and Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/nah.nah_145_26","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:04:09Z","timestamp":1788887049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/nah.nah_145_26"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"133","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nah.nah_145_26","relation":{},"ISSN":["1463-1741","1998-4030"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1463-1741","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-4030","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-08","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-31","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}