{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T20:43:29Z","timestamp":1786653809422,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Giant cell arteritis is relatively rare in Indian subjects. A retrospective chart review of cases of giant cell arteritis (GCA) in patients with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (AION) for last five years (2015 to 2020) in a tertiary care Institution was done. GCA cases were diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria of new onset of headache along with marked sudden visual loss supplemented by raised erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and confirmed on temporal artery biopsy. Occult GCA was defined as patients presenting with predominantly ophthalmic symptoms without systemic involvement. All the clinical details of GCA cases have been described in detail. Out of 30 cases of AION, GCA was the diagnosis in 4 cases (13.33%). Among the 4 cases of GCA, 3 cases (75%) were of occult in nature. Three cases underwent superficial temporal artery biopsy which was confirmatory for GCA. GCA was rare in Indian scenario. Earlier age of presentation, male preponderance, and higher number of occult GCA with predominantly ophthalmic involvement were the findings in our study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/ni.ni_345_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T07:00:25Z","timestamp":1778050825000},"page":"475-479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Giant Cell Arteritis in Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy: A Case Series with Review of Literature in North-Central Indian Subjects"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"74","author":[{"given":"Vaibhav K.","family":"Jain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachna","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohit","family":"Shahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vikas","family":"Kanaujia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kumudini","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ITC65","DOI":"10.7326\/AITC201611010","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis","volume":"165","author":"Hofmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R2-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24459","article-title":"Epidemiology of giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica","volume":"61","author":"Gonzalez-Gay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R3-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.4103\/0028-3886.166543","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis in India: Report from a tertiary care center along with total published experience from India","volume":"63","author":"Sharma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurol India"},{"key":"R4-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(99)80192-5","article-title":"Ocular manifestations of giant cell arteritis","volume":"125","author":"Hayreh","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.93272","article-title":"Temporal arteritis: A case series from south India and an update of the Indian scenario","volume":"15","author":"Mathew","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"R6-20260507","first-page":"18","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: A clinical and pathological study","volume":"23","author":"Vankalakunti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"R7-20260507","first-page":"372","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis in Mumbai","volume":"58","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"R8-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.42940","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis (temporal arteritis): A report of four cases from north east India","volume":"11","author":"Laldinpuii","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"key":"R9-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1962.00960030012004","article-title":"Occult temporal arteritis","volume":"68","author":"Simmons","year":"1962","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1571","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780341215","article-title":"Temporal arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: A review of five cases","volume":"34","author":"Wise","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R11-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/1529-0131(200104)45:2<140::AID-ANR166>3.0.CO;2-2","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis with low erythrocyte sedimentation rate: Frequency of occurrence in a population-based study","volume":"45","author":"Salvarani","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R12-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1681_20","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: Its ophthalmic manifestations","volume":"69","author":"Hayreh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)70123-0","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis: Validity and reliability of various diagnostic criteria","volume":"123","author":"Hayreh","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R14-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2006.05.020","article-title":"Prevalence of normal C-reactive protein with an elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in biopsy-proven giant cell arteritis","volume":"113","author":"Parikh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R15-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1177\/112067210401400310","article-title":"Role of thrombocytosis in diagnosis of giant cell arteritis and differentiation of arteritis and differentiation of arteritic from non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy","volume":"14","author":"Costello","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R16-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1097\/00041327-200020020-00001","article-title":"Thrombocytosis in temporal arteritis rising platelet counts: A red flag for giant cell arteritis","volume":"20","author":"Lincoff","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Neuroophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kez672","article-title":"British Society for Rheumatology guideline on diagnosis and treatment of giant cell arteritis","volume":"59","author":"Mackie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"R18-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.53.2.131","article-title":"Temporal artery biopsy:Is there any value in examining biopsies at multiple levels?","volume":"53","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"R19-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6700350","article-title":"The use of ultrasound as an aid in the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: A pilot study comparing histological features with ultrasound findings","volume":"17","author":"Murgatroyd","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R20-20260507","first-page":"1","article-title":"Giant cell arteritis:Reviewing the advancing diagnostics and management","author":"Bilton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R21-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii22","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kex461","article-title":"Temporal artery compression sign \u2013 A novel ultrasound finding for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis","volume":"57","author":"Aschwanden","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rheumatol (Oxf)"},{"key":"R22-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2018.07.012","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of temporal artery ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: A systemic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"18","author":"Rinagel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"key":"R23-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001337","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2020-001337","article-title":"Vascular ultrasound for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: A reliability and agreement study based on a standardised training programme","volume":"6","author":"Chrysidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"R24-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2017-212649","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for the use of imaging in large vessel vasculitis in clinical practice","volume":"77","author":"Dejaco","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"key":"R25-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2574","DOI":"10.1002\/art.23699","article-title":"Comparison of duplex sonography and high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of giant cell (temporal) arteritis","volume":"58","author":"Bley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"R26-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4146","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000004146","article-title":"Positron emission tomography and computed tomography angiography for the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis: A real-life prospective study","volume":"75","author":"Laviere","year":"2016","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"R27-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)00424-6","article-title":"Positron emission tomography in giant cell arteritis and polymyalgia rheumatica:Evidence for inflammation of the aortic arch","volume":"108","author":"Blockmans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Med"}],"container-title":["Neurology India"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ni.ni_345_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:42:37Z","timestamp":1786650157000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ni.ni_345_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ni.ni_345_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0028-3886","1998-4022"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0028-3886","type":"print"},{"value":"1998-4022","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-04-06","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-07-12","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}