{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T06:23:53Z","timestamp":1790144633116,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studies are abound from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) on postpartum sexual dysfunction but very limited in pregnancy. The data will help clinicians in providing women with evidence-based information and counseling in these regards.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the effects of different trimesters of pregnancy on sexual functions and the possible risk factors for sexual dysfunction in pregnancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study was longitudinal in design, and study population consisted of 270 pregnant women attending antenatal care at the two largest tertiary hospitals in Enugu, Nigeria. The recruitment was in the first trimester, and each recruited participant served as her own control. Interviews were conducted at specific times in the three trimesters, and data regarding sexual functions were obtained using validated questionnaires. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to compare the mean total and domain female sexual function index (FSFI) scores between the three trimesters, and Bonferroni\u2019s test for significant association between any two trimesters as may be applicable. The risk factors were determined via multivariate logistic regression analysis. A\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value \u22640.05 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The FSFI means total score decreased as pregnancy advanced. It was significantly lower in second trimester (T2) than in first trimester (T1) (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), and significantly lower in third trimester (T3) than T1 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), but no difference between T3 and T2 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.759). Similarly, the mean frequency of coitus per week declined across the trimesters; lower in T2 than T1 (2.2 \u00b1 0.7 vs. 2.4 \u00b1 0.6;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.01), and lower in T3 than T1, but no difference between T3 and T2. The overall rate of sexual dysfunction was 50.7% and the risk factors age \u226535 years (AdjOR: 1.4; 95%CI: 1.1\u20131.9; P: 0.01), multiparity (AdjOR: 1.7; 95%CI: 1.2\u20132.5; P: 0.013) and a previous history of cesarean section (AdjOR: 2.1; 95%CI: 1.7\u20132.6; P: 0.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual function declines as pregnancy advances and the rate of sexual dysfunction is high in Enugu, Nigeria. Obstetricians are encouraged to discuss sexual health issues during antenatal care services and make more efforts towards reducing the modifying obstetric risk factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_119_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,23]],"date-time":"2023-06-23T23:20:04Z","timestamp":1687562404000},"page":"636-645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sexual Function in Pregnancy in a Nigerian Population: A Prospective Longitudinal Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"EO","family":"Ugwu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Institute of Maternal and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CC","family":"Dim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Institute of Maternal and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"GU","family":"Eleje","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Maternal and Child Health, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria Ituku-Ozalla Campus, Enugu, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-020-04541-9","article-title":"Effects of mode of delivery on sexual functions of parturients in Nigeria:A prospective cohort study","volume":"32","author":"Ugwu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol"},{"key":"R2-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(02)00151-0","article-title":"Sexual function after childbirth in Nigerian women","volume":"78","author":"Oboro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R3-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/01.XHA.0000475197.51922.f5","article-title":"Female sexual dysfunction during the postpartum period:An Egyptian study","volume":"5","author":"Hanafy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Andrology"},{"key":"R4-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2009.01538.x","article-title":"Sexuality during pregnancy","volume":"7","author":"Pauleta","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2008.00884.x","article-title":"Effects of pregnancy on female sexual function and body image:A prospective study","volume":"5","author":"Pauls","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R6-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-6109.2007.00559.x","article-title":"A cross-sectional study of female sexual function and dysfunction during pregnancy","volume":"4","author":"Erol","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Sex Med"},{"key":"R7-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.144401","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual dysfunction among females in university community in Enugu, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Nwagha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R8-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05273-y","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual dysfunction in pregnancy","volume":"300","author":"Daud","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"R9-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1080\/009262300278597","article-title":"The female sexual function index (FSFI):A multidimensional self-report instrument for the assessment of female sexual function","volume":"26","author":"Rosen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"R10-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230590475206","article-title":"The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI):Cross-validation and development of clinical cutoff scores","volume":"31","author":"Wiegel","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"R11-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.01.003","article-title":"What happens to female sexual function during pregnancy?","volume":"258","author":"Cassis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"},{"key":"R12-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4216","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16214216","article-title":"Sexual functioning in pregnant women","volume":"16","author":"Fuchs","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/SHB.SHB_5_20","article-title":"Sexual dysfunction and its related factors among pregnant women referred to health centers in Qazvin, Iran","volume":"3","author":"Hajnasiri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Soc Health Behav"},{"key":"R14-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.5152\/tud.2016.49207","article-title":"Prevalence and correlates of female sexual dysfunction among Turkish pregnant women","volume":"42","author":"K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fckdurmaz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk J Urol"},{"key":"R15-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12313","article-title":"Prevalence of female sexual dysfunction during pregnancy among Egyptian women","volume":"40","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"R16-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1007\/s00192-013-2118-7","article-title":"Pregnancy, childbirth, and sexual function:Perceptions and facts","volume":"25","author":"Yeniel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int Urogynecol J"},{"key":"R17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmwh.2009.12.006","article-title":"Female sexual function, dysfunction, and pregnancy:Implications for practice","volume":"55","author":"Murtagh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Midwifery Womens Health"},{"key":"R18-20240907","first-page":"2339","article-title":"Comparison of sexual functions in pregnant and non-pregnant women","volume":"12","author":"Aydin","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1071\/SH13153","article-title":"Female sexual dysfunction across the three pregnancy trimesters:An Egyptian study","volume":"11","author":"Hanafy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"key":"R20-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.12048","article-title":"Female sexual function and associated factors during pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Corbacioglu Esmer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynaecol Res"},{"key":"R21-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2011.560537","article-title":"Evaluation of sexual function in Brazilian pregnant women","volume":"37","author":"Naldoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Sex Marital Ther"},{"key":"R22-20240907","first-page":"265","article-title":"Attitudes and sexual function in Thai pregnant women","volume":"93","author":"Kerdarunsuksri","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"R23-20240907","first-page":"132","article-title":"Is sexual dysfunction common among pregnant Malaysian women?","volume":"119","author":"Razali","year":"2012","journal-title":"BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R24-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejogrb.2021.11.011","article-title":"Systematic review of sexual function in older women","volume":"267","author":"Athey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_119_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T16:06:01Z","timestamp":1787760361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_119_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_119_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-02-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-04-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}