{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:31:13Z","timestamp":1786649473583,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The treatment of cartilage defects remains challenging due to the avascular nature of cartilage.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigates the therapeutic effect of soft callus in osteochondral defects and explores the ability of multipotent and pluripotent cells within the callus to form fibrous or hyaline cartilage in the defective area.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Twenty-one rats were divided into three equal groups: Group 1 received only microfracture (MF), group 2 received microfracture with autologous chondrocyte implantation (MF+ACI), and group 3 received microfracture with soft callus implantation (MF+SCI). All rats underwent diaphyseal fracture in their left tibias, which was stabilized with a Kirshner wire. One week later, osteochondral defects were created in the right knees of all rats. For group 1, microfracture alone was applied to initiate healing in the defects. In group 2, heterologous chondrocytes, previously harvested from the lateral condyle of a rat\u2019s left femur and cultivated in a laboratory environment, were implanted into the microfracture site. In group 3, soft callus tissue obtained from the left tibial fracture was compressed and implanted into the defective area. All groups were sacrificed at the 6\n                      <jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>\n                      week, and the healing status of the osteochondral defect areas was histopathologically evaluated.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Macroscopic examination at the end of the study revealed comparable ICRS-1 scores for MF+ACI (group 2) (11.28 \u00b1 1.25) and MF+SCI (group 3) (11.14 \u00b1 0.37), while MF alone (group 1) (4.28 \u00b1 1.25) showed significantly lower results. Microscopic examination yielded similar outcomes. Regarding histological scores, ICRS-2 scores for MF (group 1) (35.30 \u00b1 1.13), MF+ACI (group 2) (47.09 \u00b1 1.63), and MF+SCI (group 3) (43.97 \u00b1 1.49) were statistically significantly lower.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Defects treated with soft callus implantation demonstrated comparable outcomes to the widely used and gold-standard autologous chondrocyte implantation. When compared to microfracture alone, better macroscopic and microscopic results were achieved with soft callus implantation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_134_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T23:00:10Z","timestamp":1730329210000},"page":"1154-1163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of the Effects of Microfracture, Soft Callus Implantation, and Matrix-Supported Chondrocyte Implantation in an Experimental Osteochondral Defect Model in Rats"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"\u00d6C","family":"\u00d6zkan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DP","family":"Kurdal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Y\u0131lmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HK","family":"Tutcu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00d6S","family":"Somuncu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, United States"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IA","family":"Y\u00fccel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic, Fatih Sultan Mehmet, Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E","family":"Sava\u015f\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Bahcesehir, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A","family":"Midi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Alt\u0131nba\u015f, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1080\/21691401.2019.1607866","article-title":"Biomimetic cartilage scaffold with orientated porous structure of two factors for cartilage repair of knee osteoarthritis","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol"},{"key":"R2-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiomech.2019.04.016","article-title":"The use of a hydrogel implant in the repair of osteochondral defects of the knee: A biomechanical evaluation of restoration of native contact pressures in cadaver knees","volume":"67","author":"Sismondo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Biomech"},{"key":"R3-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.5301\/ijao.5000598","article-title":"Biostable scaffolds of polyacrylate polymers implanted in the articular cartilage induce hyaline-like cartilage regeneration in rabbits","volume":"40","author":"Sancho-Tello","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Artificial Organs"},{"key":"R4-20260427","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combined autologous chondrocyte and bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell \u0131mplantation in the knee: An 8-year follow up of two first-\u0131n-man cases","volume":"1","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Transplantation"},{"key":"R5-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2019.04.031","article-title":"Injectable stem cell-laden supramolecular hydrogels enhance in situ osteochondral regeneration via the sustained co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic chondrogenic molecules","volume":"210","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"R6-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200300002-00008","article-title":"Evaluation of cartilage injuries and repair","volume":"85-A","author":"Brittberg","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R7-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4172\/2161-0533.1000114","article-title":"Articular cartilage \u0131njury treatment: History and basic science review","volume":"1","author":"Pruksakorn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Orthop Muscul Syst"},{"issue":"1","key":"R8-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2009.08.009","article-title":"Evaluation of histological scoring systems for tissue-engineered, repaired and osteoarthriticcartilage","volume":"18","author":"Rutgers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"R9-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546509359068","article-title":"A new histology scoring system for the assessment of the quality of human cartilage repair: ICRS II","volume":"38","author":"Mainil-Varlet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"R10-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1097\/00003086-200110001-00025","article-title":"Matrices for cartilage repair","volume":"391","author":"Coutts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Orthop Relat Res"},{"key":"R11-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1186\/ar326","article-title":"Articular cartilage and changes in arthritis: Noncollagenous proteins and proteoglycans in the extracellular matrix of cartilage","author":"Roughley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arthritis Res"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R12-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.01.041","article-title":"Autologous osteochondral grafting-technique and long-term results","volume":"39","author":"Hangody","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"R13-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1097\/JSA.0b013e31818cdbc5","article-title":"Second generation issues in cartilage repair","volume":"16","author":"Kon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sports Med Arthrosc Rev"},{"key":"R14-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbo.2015.10.010","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of the osteochondral lesions of the ankle current concepts","volume":"51","author":"Prado","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev Bras Ortop"},{"key":"R15-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1177\/1071100718794944","article-title":"Analysis of the changes in the clinical outcomes according to time after arthroscopic microfracture of osteochondral lesions of the talus","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Int"},{"key":"R16-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967118787767","article-title":"A controlled comparison of microfracture, debridement, and no treatment of concomitant full-thickness cartilage lesions in anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees: A nationwide prospective cohort study from Norway and Sweden of 368 patients with 5-year follow-up","volume":"6","author":"Ulstein","year":"2018","journal-title":"Orthop J Sports Med"},{"key":"R17-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546515617468","article-title":"Effect on patient-reported outcomes of debridement or microfracture of concomitant full-thickness cartilage lesions in anterior cruciate ligament-reconstructed knees: A nationwide cohort study from Norway and Sweden of 357 patients with 2-year follow-up","volume":"44","author":"R\u00f8tterud","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R18-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603517700956","article-title":"Microfracture: State of the art in cartilage surgery?","volume":"9","author":"Frehner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"R19-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603515574839","article-title":"The challenge and the promise of bone marrow cells for human cartilage repair","volume":"6","author":"Chu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"R20-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513518552","article-title":"Clinical profiling in cartilage regeneration: Prognostic factors for midterm results of matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation","volume":"42","author":"Filardo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R21-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-012-1477-8","article-title":"Arthroscopic three dimensional autologous chondrocyte transplantation with navigation-guided cartilage defect size assessment","volume":"132","author":"Zellner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"R22-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546516663493","article-title":"A prospective clinical and radiological evaluation at 5 years after matrix-\u0131nduced autologous chondrocyte \u0131mplantation","volume":"45","author":"Ebert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R23-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603516638901","article-title":"Matrix-associated autologous chondrocyte \u0131mplantation: A clinical follow-up at 15 years","volume":"7","author":"Gille","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"R24-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1987","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.16.00603","article-title":"Matrix-Induced Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation (MACI) using a cell-seeded collagen membrane \u0131mproves cartilage healing in the Equine model","volume":"99","author":"Nixon","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Bone Joint Surg Am"},{"key":"R25-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546514526695","article-title":"Treatment of full thickness chondral defects with hyalograft C in the knee: Long-term results","volume":"42","author":"Brix","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R26-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1177\/1947603516642573","article-title":"Repair potential of matrix-\u0131nduced bone marrow aspirate concentrate and matrix-\u0131nduced autologous chondrocyte \u0131mplantation for talar osteochondral repair: Patterns of some catabolic, \u0131nflammatory, and pain mediators","volume":"8","author":"Desando","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cartilage"},{"key":"R27-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00167-009-1028-1","article-title":"Matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation versus microfracture in the treatment of cartilage defects of the knee: A 2-year randomized study","volume":"18","author":"Basad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc"},{"key":"R28-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1177\/1938640017713614","article-title":"Seven-year follow-up of matrix-\u0131nduced autologous \u0131mplantation in talus articular defects","volume":"11","author":"Kreulen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foot Ankle Spec"},{"key":"R29-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2549","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546511420688","article-title":"Articular cartilage treatment in high-level male soccer players: A prospective comparative study of arthroscopic second-generation autologous chondrocyte implantation versus microfracture","volume":"39","author":"Kon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Sports Med"},{"key":"R30-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00402-014-2136-z","article-title":"Matrix-induced autologous mesenchymal stem cell implantation versus matrix-induced autologous chondrocyte implantation in the treatment of chondral defects of the knee: A 2-year randomized study","volume":"135","author":"Akgun","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Orthop Trauma Surg"},{"key":"R31-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2004.09.034","article-title":"Repair of articular cartilage defects treated by microfracture and a three-dimensional collagen matrix","volume":"26","author":"Dorotka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R32-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/BOT.0000000000000481","article-title":"Augmentation of fracture healing using soft callus","volume":"30","author":"Danoff","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Orthop Trauma"},{"key":"R33-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0429-x","article-title":"Periosteal cells are a major source of soft callus in bone fracture","volume":"31","author":"Murao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Metab"},{"key":"R34-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1007\/s11914-018-0458-4","article-title":"Origin of reparative stem cells in fracture healing","volume":"16","author":"Bragdon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Osteoporos Rep"},{"key":"R35-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1007\/s12015-017-9753-1","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem\/progenitor cells derived from articular cartilage, synovial membrane and synovial fluid for cartilage regeneration: Current status and future perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stem Cell Rev"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_134_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:54:33Z","timestamp":1786647273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_134_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_134_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-08-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}