{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T14:43:08Z","timestamp":1791902588266,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is a global health challenge. The emergence of MDR TB has contributed remarkably to the spread of tuberculosis and also poses a threat, which if not effectively addressed may wipe out the achievements of previous efforts in controlling tuberculosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was aimed at detecting MDR-TB among patients in a setting prevalent with tuberculosis and HIV in Southeast, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Sputum specimens collected from 740 suspected tuberculosis (TB) patients were screened for acid-fast bacilli (AFB). All the 111 AFB positive samples were subjected to culture on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium and Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) 960 TB system. The isolates were then confirmed as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      using SD Bioline Rapid Diagnostic Tests before being subjected to drug susceptibility testing to first-line anti-TB drugs. MDR-TB was determined by isolates being resistant to both isoniazid and rifampicin. HIV testing was performed for participants included in the study using standard rapid diagnostic tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of the 111 AFB-positive sputum samples, 65 (58.6%) were culture-positive for\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic>\n                      . MDR-TB was found in 2 ([3.1%] 95% CI = 0.0\u20137.3) of the culture-positive samples. The rate of TB and HIV coinfection was 7.7%. Maximum single-drug resistance was seen in ethambutol 12 ([18.5%] 95% CI = 9.0\u201327.9).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MDR-TB rate of 3.1% found in this study was relatively low and efforts should be intensified to keep it low.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_192_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T05:53:33Z","timestamp":1597125213000},"page":"1172-1177","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis in Imo State, Southeast, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"IIE","family":"Ahiarakwem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Awka, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IM","family":"Ekejindu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Awka, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CN","family":"Akujobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IN","family":"Aghanya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60734-X","article-title":"Prevalence of and risk factors for resistance to second line drugs in people with multidrug \u2013 resistance tuberculosis in eight countries: A prospective Cohort study","volume":"380","author":"Dalton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1085702","article-title":"Epidemiology and treatment of multidrug resistant tuberculosis","volume":"29","author":"Mitnick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2017.07","article-title":"Epidemiology of drug \u2013 resistant tuberculosis in a tertiary care center in Oman, 2006-2015","volume":"32","author":"Gaifer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"R6-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17601","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017601","article-title":"Natural history of tuberculosis: duration and fatality of untreated pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV negative patients: A systematic review","volume":"6","author":"Tiemersma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plos One"},{"key":"R7-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0127536","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0127536","article-title":"Direct detection by the Xpert MTB\/RIF assay and characterization of multi and poly drug-resistant tuberculosis in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa","volume":"10","author":"Rabna","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R8-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03005-13","article-title":"Comparison of Xpert MTB\/RIF with line probe assay for detection of rifampin-monoresistant mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"52","author":"Rufai","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R9-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2010.12.011","article-title":"Assessment of the SD BIOLINE Ag MPT64 RAPID\u2122 and the MGIT\u2122 TBc identification tests for the diagnosis of tuberculosis","volume":"70","author":"Gaillard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"R10-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00982-12","article-title":"Genetic \u2013 Determinants of drug Resistant Tuberculosis among HIV \u2013 infected patients in Nigeria. J","volume":"50","author":"Lana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"R11-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.11.092585","article-title":"Surveillance of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance in the world: An updated analysis, 2007-2010","volume":"90","author":"Zignol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"R13-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.05069-11","article-title":"Performance of a rapid and simple HIV testing algorithm in a multicenter phase III microbicide clinical trial","volume":"18","author":"Crucitti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"R14-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2014.01.003","article-title":"Evaluation of a modified direct agar proportion method for testing susceptibility of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from MGIT samples","volume":"49","author":"Yu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Microbiol Immunol Infect"},{"key":"R15-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.05.00111304","article-title":"Drug-susceptibility testing in tuberculosis: Methods and reliability of results","volume":"25","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R16-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmyco.2012.04.001","article-title":"A study on demographic characteristics of drug resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates in Belarus","volume":"1","author":"Surkova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int J Mycobacterial"},{"key":"R17-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000199","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000199","article-title":"Sexual inequality in tuberculosis","volume":"6","author":"Neyrolles","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"R18-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-110","article-title":"Epidemiology of anti \u2013 tuberculosis drug resistance in a Chinese population: Current situation and challenges ahead","volume":"11","author":"Shao","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R21-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmcr.2015.10.006","article-title":"Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in a HIV-positive patient","volume":"16","author":"Montales","year":"2015","journal-title":"Respiratory Medicine Case Report"},{"key":"R22-20251006","first-page":"96","article-title":"Sputum processing prior to Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection by culture or nucleic acid amplification testing: A narrative review","volume":"5","author":"Allen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Res Rev J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"R23-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1155\/2008\/857901","article-title":"Diagnosis of multidrug resistant tuberculosis and extensively drug \u2013 resistant tuberculosis: Current standards and challenges","volume":"19","author":"Giovanni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"key":"R24-20251006","first-page":"141","article-title":"Drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tertiary hospital south east, Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Uzoewulu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Med Microb Diagn"},{"key":"R25-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-2113.99104","article-title":"Drug resistance profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates to resistance first line anti-tuberculosis drugs: A five years study","volume":"29","author":"Menon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lung India"},{"key":"R28-20251006","first-page":"271","article-title":"A meta-analysis of drug resistant tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: How strongly associated with previous treatment and HIV co-infection? Ethiop J","volume":"23","author":"Berhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Sci"},{"key":"R29-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1086\/651492","article-title":"HIV infection-associated tuberculosis: The epidemiology and the response","volume":"50","author":"Getahun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"R30-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5561","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005561","article-title":"Is HIV infection a risk factor for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis? A systematic review","volume":"4","author":"Suchindral","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_192_19","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:00:21Z","timestamp":1786647621000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_192_19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_192_19","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-04-05","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-05-30","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}