{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:35:00Z","timestamp":1787924100890,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The widespread use of CAD\/CAM technologies in dentistry has enabled the application of various restorative materials with differing mechanical and aesthetic characteristics. While lithium disilicate ceramics are known for their strength and translucency, resin-matrix ceramics are preferred for their ease of processing and intraoral repairability. However, their long-term color stability and surface behavior under staining conditions remain insufficiently understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to evaluate and compare the effects of different staining solutions on the color stability, surface roughness, microhardness, and contact angle of selected CAD\/CAM restorative materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      study was conducted using three resin-matrix ceramics and one fully crystallized lithium disilicate ceramic. Specimens were immersed in three different staining solutions (distilled water, coffee, and red wine). Measurements of color change (\u0394E00), surface roughness (Ra), microhardness, and contact angle were performed at baseline and after 30 days.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All materials showed varying levels of discoloration, with the highest \u0394E00 value observed in the Shofu Block HC group stored in red wine (\u0394E00 = 5.48 \u00b1 0.43). Lithium disilicate ceramic exhibited the least discoloration among all tested materials. In coffee and red wine, all materials, including lithium disilicate, exceeded the clinically acceptable threshold (\u0394E00 = 1.8) after 30 days, although lithium disilicate consistently exhibited lower discoloration compared to resin-matrix ceramics. Surface roughness increased in all groups but remained within clinically acceptable limits. Contact angle values varied according to material type, reflecting differences in surface wettability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Resin-matrix ceramics demonstrated greater susceptibility to discoloration and surface changes than lithium disilicate ceramic. Although lithium disilicate exhibited the lowest discoloration among the tested materials, its \u0394E00 values also exceeded the clinical acceptability threshold (\u0394E00 = 1.8) after 30 days of immersion in coffee and red wine. These findings indicate that material composition and environmental exposure conditions play a critical role in determining the long-term aesthetic and surface performance of CAD\/CAM restorations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_262_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T05:00:18Z","timestamp":1787720418000},"page":"880-889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation of Color Stability and Surface Properties of Different CAD\/CAM Materials: An In vitro Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"A","family":"Topaloglu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Merkez, Isparta, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HC","family":"Kucukesmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Suleyman Demirel University, Merkez, Isparta, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.06.012","article-title":"Mechanical and optical properties of monolithic CAD-CAM restorative materials","volume":"119","author":"Sen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"R2-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.10.009","article-title":"Chairside CAD\/CAM materials. Part 1: Measurement of elastic constants and microstructural characterization","volume":"33","author":"Belli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"R3-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13019","article-title":"Color stability of CAD\/CAM ceramics prepared with different surface finishing procedures","volume":"29","author":"Kanat-Ert\u00fcrk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Prosthodont"},{"key":"R4-20260828","first-page":"71","article-title":"Clinical performance of lithium disilicate and zirconia CAD\/CAM crowns using digital impressions: A systematic review","volume":"11","author":"Benli","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"R5-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2021.12.104","article-title":"CAD\/CAM fabricated prosthetic accuracy of lithium disilicate glass ceramic block","volume":"38","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"R6-20260828","first-page":"S40","article-title":"Gloss and stain resistance of ceramic-polymer CAD\/CAM restorative blocks","volume":"28","author":"Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"R7-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2019.01.009","article-title":"Discoloration and translucency changes of CAD-CAM materials after exposure to beverages","volume":"122","author":"Barut\u00e7igil","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"R8-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2015.10.004","article-title":"Evaluation of mechanical and optical behavior of current esthetic dental restorative CAD\/CAM composites","volume":"55","author":"Stawarczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"R9-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2023-071","article-title":"In vitro evaluation of wear characteristics, microhardness and color stability of dental restorative CAD\/CAM materials","volume":"43","author":"Bayraktar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"R10-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2020.09.005","article-title":"Staining and aging-dependent changes in color of CAD-CAM materials","volume":"126","author":"Stamenkovi\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"R11-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2017.06.001","article-title":"Effect of brushing and thermocycling on the shade and surface roughness of CAD-CAM ceramic restorations","volume":"119","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Prosthet Dent"},{"key":"R12-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8240.2005.tb00094.x","article-title":"Effect of surface roughness on stain resistance of dental resin composites","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Esthet Restor Dent"},{"key":"R13-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2013.01.003","article-title":"Wear characteristics of current aesthetic dental restorative CAD\/CAM materials: Two-body wear, gloss retention, roughness and Martens hardness","volume":"20","author":"M\u00f6rmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mech Behav Biomed Mater"},{"key":"R14-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1111\/ijac.13307","article-title":"Effect of different storage media on the microhardness and wear resistance of resin-matrix ceramics","volume":"16","author":"Dayan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Appl Ceramic Technol"},{"key":"R15-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dental.2016.08.222","article-title":"Wear, strength, modulus and hardness of CAD\/CAM restorative materials","volume":"32","author":"Lawson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dent Mater"},{"key":"R16-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.2015-177","article-title":"Surface roughness and gloss of current CAD\/CAM resin composites before and after toothbrush abrasion","volume":"34","author":"Koizumi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"R17-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actbio.2010.10.002","article-title":"A new approach to influence contact angle and surface free energy of resin-based dental restorative materials","volume":"7","author":"R\u00fcttermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Biomaterialia"},{"key":"R18-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-023-00862-5","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion to composite resins produced by additive and subtractive manufacturing","volume":"112","author":"Ozer","year":"2024","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"R19-20260828","first-page":"131","article-title":"Physical and chemical changes occurred during maturation of \u00d6k\u00fczg\u00f6z\u00fc grape variety grown in Elaz\u0131\u011f region","volume":"28","author":"Deryaoglu","year":"2023","journal-title":"G\u0131da"},{"key":"R20-20260828","first-page":"1","article-title":"Color difference thresholds in dentistry","volume":"27","author":"Paravina","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Esthetic Restor Dent"},{"key":"R21-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/jopr.13033","article-title":"A comparison of the surface properties of CAD\/CAM and conventional polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)","volume":"28","author":"Al-Dwairi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prosthodont"},{"key":"R22-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.4012\/dmj.25.371","article-title":"Color stability of resin composites after immersion in different drinks","volume":"25","author":"Erta\u015f","year":"2006","journal-title":"Dent Mater J"},{"key":"R23-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697405","article-title":"Influence of different drinks on the colour stability of dental resin composites","volume":"3","author":"Topcu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur J Dent"},{"key":"R24-20260828","first-page":"695","article-title":"A long-term laboratory test on staining susceptibility of esthetic composite resin materials","volume":"41","author":"Ardu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Quintessence Int"},{"key":"R25-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1783","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23735","article-title":"Evaluation of surface characteristic and bacterial adhesion of low-shrinkage resin composites","volume":"84","author":"Bilgili","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microsc Res Tech"},{"key":"R26-20260828","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103317","article-title":"Surface properties and bacterial adhesion of bulk-fill composite resins","volume":"95","author":"Bilgili","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Dent"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_262_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T13:12:24Z","timestamp":1787922744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_262_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_262_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-25","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}