{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T18:16:01Z","timestamp":1793729761030,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Paraneoplastic syndromes (PNS) have been defined as a constellation of symptoms and signs seen in patients with malignancy, which cannot be ascribed to the local or distant spread of the tumor. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is most commonly associated with PNS among urological malignancies. We describe the incidence of PNS and the association between the syndromes and oncological outcomes in our patients with RCC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A retrospective cohort study done at Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos. This was a retrospective review of our patients who had RCC over 11-year period (2006 to 2016). The incidence of PNS syndromes were hypercalcemia, Stauffer's syndrome, hypertension, anemia, elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), persistent leukocytosis, and its correlation to outcome of disease were analyzed. In addition, the age, gender, clinical features, and stage of disease were analyzed. Chi square, Fischer exact test, and Kaplan\u2013Meier survival, curve and logistic regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In total, 101 patients were operated within the period. Age of the patients ranged from 11 to 81 years (mean of 45.17 \u00b1 16.3). There were 46 males and 55 females with M:F ratio of 1:1.2. Majority of the patients, 74 (73%), had clear cell variant of RCC. Twenty-seven patients (26.7%) had triad of flank pain, flank mass, and hematuria. The incidence of PNS were hypercalcaemia 7 (6.9%), Stauffer's syndrome 12 (11.9%), hypertension 16 (15.8%), anemia 61 (60.4%), elevated ESR 56 (55.4%), and persistent leukocytosis 3 (3.0%). At a median follow-up of 6 months, 72 patients (71.3%) were alive, whereas 29 patients (28.7%) were dead.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among the PNS, only Stauffer's syndrome was significantly associated with poor outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_35_19","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,9]],"date-time":"2019-09-09T05:26:06Z","timestamp":1568006766000},"page":"1271-1275","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Paraneoplastic Syndromes and Oncological Outcomes in Renal Cancer"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"SO","family":"Ikuerowo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"OO","family":"Ojewuyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, LAUTECH Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"OA","family":"Omisanjo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AA","family":"Abolarinwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Lagos State University Teaching Hospital, Ikeja, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MJ","family":"Bioku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Federal Medical Centre, Abuja, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AF","family":"Doherty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, General Hospital, Gbagada, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000224860","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes in patients with urological malignancies","volume":"83","author":"Sacco","year":"2009","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"R2-20251006","first-page":"163","article-title":"Paraneoplastic syndromes in urologic malignancy: The many faces of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"4","author":"Palapattu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Urol"},{"key":"R3-20251006","first-page":"216","article-title":"Paraneoplastic manifestations of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"14","author":"Gold","year":"1996","journal-title":"Semin Urol Oncol"},{"key":"R4-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-7125(16)33152-2","article-title":"Hypernephroma--the internist's tumor","volume":"50","author":"Kiely","year":"1966","journal-title":"Med Clin North Am"},{"key":"R6-20251006","first-page":"239","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma in Ibadan: A 5-year clinicopathologic review","volume":"42","author":"Takure","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr J Med Med Sci"},{"key":"R7-20251006","first-page":"37","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma in a semi-urban population of south-western Nigeria","volume":"94","author":"Salako","year":"2017","journal-title":"East Afr Med J"},{"issue":"2 Suppl 5","key":"R8-20251006","first-page":"3","article-title":"Overview of cancer-related hypercalcemia: Epidemiology and etiology","volume":"17","author":"Muggia","year":"1990","journal-title":"Semin Oncol"},{"key":"R9-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9343(56)90091-2","article-title":"Hypercalcemia in malignant disease without evidence of bone destruction","volume":"21","author":"Gellhorn","year":"1956","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"R10-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.2.597","article-title":"Identification of a cDNA encoding a parathyroid hormone-like peptide from a human tumor associated with humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy","volume":"85","author":"Mangin","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Nat Acad Sci United States Am"},{"key":"R11-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0954-6820.1981.tb11563.x","article-title":"Hypernephroma and hypertension. 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