{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:32:29Z","timestamp":1786649549635,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Prostate biopsy remains the gold standard for the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Caudal block is one of the most common methods of anesthesia during prostate biopsy; however, lidocaine suppository can be a veritable option adapted for anesthesia in prostate biopsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study is to compare the pain levels of lidocaine suppository with lidocaine caudal block in patients undergoing transrectal finger-guided prostate biopsy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty-six patients undergoing finger-guided prostate biopsy were randomized equally into two groups: Group A received 60 mg of lidocaine suppository and Group B received 20 ml of 1% lidocaine via caudal block before the biopsy. The patients rated the level of pain using Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) starting from the administration of anesthesia to various other points during and after the biopsy. Patients\u2019 overall satisfaction as well as complications during the procedure were assessed for the two groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean pain score during biopsy was 6.27 for Group A and 5.81 for Group B, though the difference was not statistically significant. Patients experienced significantly less pain during administration of suppository lidocaine, with a mean pain score of 0.36, than during caudal block with a mean pain score of 2.81.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is no statistically significant difference in pain during prostate biopsy between using Suppository lidocaine or lidocaine caudal block.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_430_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T13:00:11Z","timestamp":1767013211000},"page":"1443-1450","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lidocaine Suppository Versus Lidocaine Caudal Block for Anesthesia in Patients Undergoing Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"OA","family":"Onu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AME","family":"Nwofor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CK","family":"Oranusi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TU","family":"Mbaeri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JA","family":"Abiahu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DE","family":"Orakwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"EA","family":"Obiesie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"UV","family":"Nwadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CO","family":"Onuigbo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AB","family":"Obidike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JA","family":"Onu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histopathology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KO","family":"Ugwuanyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"General Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CI","family":"Nnamchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CC","family":"Ifeadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Surgery, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260116","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J Clin"},{"key":"R2-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.14740\/wjon1191","article-title":"Epidemiology of prostate cancer","volume":"10","author":"Rawla","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J Oncol"},{"key":"R3-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-08-0150","article-title":"Race, genetic West African ancestry, and prostate cancer prediction by prostate-specific antigen in prospectively screened high-risk men","volume":"2","author":"Giri","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cancer Prev Res"},{"key":"R4-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.4314\/njm.v17i3.37396","article-title":"Cancer in Nigeria: A 10-year analysis of the Kano Cancer Registry","volume":"17","author":"Mohammed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"R5-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2010.03.020","article-title":"Burden of prostate cancer in Southwestern Nigeria","volume":"76","author":"Badmus","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"R6-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajur.2018.11.007","article-title":"Diagnosis of prostate cancer","volume":"6","author":"Descotes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian J Urol"},{"key":"R7-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.3348\/kjr.2014.15.5.543","article-title":"Pain during transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy and the role of periprostatic nerve block: What radiologists should know","volume":"15","author":"Nazir","year":"2014","journal-title":"Korean J Radiol"},{"key":"R8-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.1997.00120.x","article-title":"Patient tolerance of transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate","volume":"79","author":"Irani","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br J Urol"},{"key":"R9-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000327827","article-title":"anesthesia in transrectal prostate biopsy: Which is the most effective technique","volume":"87","author":"Maccagnano","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"R10-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.08.006","article-title":"Extended and saturation prostatic biopsy in the diagnosis and characterisation of prostate cancer: A critical analysis of literature","volume":"52","author":"Scattoni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"R11-20260116","first-page":"95","article-title":"Anaesthetic techniques in day case urological surgeries in Benue State Univerity Teaching Hospital, (BSUTH), Makurdi, Nigeria","volume":"2","author":"Efu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Biomed Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R12-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_297_20","article-title":"Survey of prostate biopsy practices among urologists in Nigeria","volume":"27","author":"Jeje","year":"2020","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R13-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-7094(11)70011-3","article-title":"Caudal epidural anesthesia: An anesthetic technique exclusive for pediatric use? Is it possible to use it in adults? What is the role of the ultrasound in this context?","volume":"61","author":"Najman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev Bras Anestesiol"},{"key":"R14-20260116","first-page":"978","article-title":"Advantages of caudal block over intrarectal anesthesia plus periprostatic nerve block for transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"R15-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9217145","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9217145","article-title":"Caudal epidural block: An updated review of anatomy and techniques","volume":"2017","author":"Kao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R16-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-6576.2006.00936.x","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory properties of local anesthetics and their present and potential iplications","volume":"50","author":"Cassuto","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Anaesthesiol Scand"},{"key":"R17-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-2042.2006.01390.x","article-title":"Effectiveness of local anesthesia techniques in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Urol"},{"key":"R18-20260116","first-page":"51","article-title":"How to calculate sample size in randomized controlled trial?","volume":"1","author":"Zhong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Thorac Dis"},{"key":"R19-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1159\/000323836","article-title":"Lidocaine suppository for transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate: A prospective, double-blind, randomized study","volume":"86","author":"Goluza","year":"2011","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"R20-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ju.0000181212.51025.06","article-title":"How to decrease pain during transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy: A look at the literature","volume":"174","author":"Autorino","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Urol"},{"key":"R21-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2009.110","article-title":"Easing the pain: Local anesthesia for prostate biopsy","volume":"6","author":"Katsuto","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"key":"R22-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1708","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.22973","article-title":"Preventing pain during office biopsy of the prostate: A single center, prospective, double-blind, 3-arm, parallel group, randomized clinical trial","volume":"110","author":"Ashley","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"R23-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000481830","article-title":"The efficiency and safety of intrarectal topical anesthesia for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"99","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Urol Int"},{"key":"R24-20260116","first-page":"133","article-title":"Complications of prostate biopsy in two centers in Anambra State","volume":"29","author":"Mbaeri","year":"2017","journal-title":"Orient J Med"},{"key":"R25-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.218673","article-title":"Assessment of pain in the elderly: A literature review","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nalt Med J India"},{"key":"R26-20260116","first-page":"133","article-title":"Caudal anesthesia in the clinical assessment of painful anal lesions","volume":"29","author":"Adebamowo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Afr J Med Sci"},{"key":"R27-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-006-9095-4","article-title":"Caudal block anesthesia for transrectal prostate biopsy","volume":"42","author":"Ikuerowo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"key":"R28-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2016\/26838","article-title":"Caudal Block for digital-guided transrectal prostate biopsy","volume":"17","author":"Areo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br J Med Med Res"},{"key":"R29-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/S0302-2838(02)00275-0","article-title":"Lack of effect of intrarectal lidocaine for pain control during transrectal prostate biopsy: A randomized prospective study","volume":"42","author":"Cevik","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur Urol"},{"key":"R30-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2005.05784.x","article-title":"Lidocaine suppository for prostate biopsy","volume":"96","author":"Fink","year":"2005","journal-title":"BJU Int"},{"key":"R31-20260116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000127336","article-title":"Comparison of lidocaine suppositories and periprostatic nerve block during transrectal prostate biopsy","volume":"80","author":"Szlauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Urol Int"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_430_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:55:17Z","timestamp":1786647317000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_430_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_430_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-30","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-26","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}