{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:24:14Z","timestamp":1787757854639,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Tuberculosis (TB)\/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) co-infection is a complex mesh of physical and psychosocial disorders that require a multimodal and multifaceted approach for improved outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n This study determined the treatment outcomes of patients with TB\/HIV co-infection and the clinico-psychosocial predictors of the disease over a 10-year period in resource-limited settings.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Patients and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This study reviewed the 10-year retrospective treatment outcomes of patients with TB\/HIV co-infection in a tertiary centre. The data were retrieved from the TB treatment registers and analyzed with STATA 16.0. The effects of latent constructs of high clinical severity, stigmatization, and family stress\/burden on treatment outcomes were evaluated using a structural equation model.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Of the 1,321 who met the inclusion criteria, 1,193 had sufficient data. The mean age of the patients was 38.2 \u00b1 16.7 years. The treatment adherence rate over the 10 years was 93.8% (\u00b16.8%) but successful treatment outcome was 75.5% (\u00b18.1%). Stigmatism of TB\/HIV infections was experienced by adults and males ( = 0.972;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001 = 0.674;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001, = - 0.770;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001, respectively), non-adherent to treatment ( = -0.460;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) clinical severity of illness ( = 0.940;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), and being HIV negative ( = -0.770;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Family Stress\/Burden was strongly affected by both Death ( = 1.000;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001) and higher Stigmatism ( = 0.602;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). Clinical severity of illness significantly influenced both Death and Unsatisfactory outcomes ( = 0.207;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001, = 0.203;\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05, respectively). Non-Adherence led to potentially unsatisfactory outcome.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n TB\/HIV co-infection is a complex psychosocial disorder that is significantly and negatively impacted by social determinants of the disease. A holistic approach to treatment intervention that addresses the latent factors of stigmatization, family stress\/burden, and high clinical severity is key to achieving a successful treatment outcome.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_466_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,19]],"date-time":"2022-01-19T07:38:30Z","timestamp":1642577910000},"page":"105-109","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Clinical and Psychosocial Determinants of Patients with Tuberculosis\/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Co-Infection"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"MA","family":"Alao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"OR","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"YH","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.1997.d01-380.x","article-title":"From their own perspective. A Kenyan community's perception of tuberculosis","volume":"2","author":"Liefooghe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"R3-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.61.4.32","article-title":"Tuberculosis: A half century of study and conquest","volume":"61","author":"Roland","year":"1972","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"R4-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(05)70359-2","article-title":"The epidemiology of tuberculosis in the United States","volume":"18","author":"McCray","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"R5-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2017.01.017","article-title":"The cursed duet today: Tuberculosis and HIV-coinfection","volume":"46","author":"Tiberi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"key":"R7-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1159\/000029220","article-title":"History of tuberculosis","volume":"65","author":"Herzog","year":"1998","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"R8-17-20240907","first-page":"1862","article-title":"Historical review","volume":"100","author":"Daniel","year":"2006","journal-title":"The history of tuberculosis, in respiratory medicine"},{"key":"R9-17-20240907","first-page":"1013","article-title":"Perceptions and experiences of tuberculosis among African patients attending a tuberculosis clinic in London","volume":"10","author":"Nnoaham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R10-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/hpm.675","article-title":"The limits to patient compliance with directly observed therapy for tuberculosis: A socio-medical study in Pakistan","volume":"17","author":"Meulemans","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int J Health Plann Manag"},{"key":"R11-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2016.10.011","article-title":"Tuberculosis stigma as a social determinant of health: A systematic mapping review of research in low incidence countries","volume":"56","author":"Craig","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R12-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.199505","article-title":"The social determinants of tuberculosis: From evidence to action","volume":"101","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"R13-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-396","article-title":"Predictors of Tuberculosis (TB) and Antiretroviral (ARV) medication non-adherence in public primary care patients in South Africa: A cross sectional study","volume":"13","author":"Naidoo","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R14-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732308327893","article-title":"Exploring tuberculosis patients' adherence to treatment regimens and prevention programs at a public health site","volume":"19","author":"Naidoo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"R15-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.98.12020505","article-title":"Standardized tuberculosis treatment outcome monitoring in Europe. Recommendations of a working group of the World health organization (WHO) and the European region of the International union against tuberculosis and lung disease (IUATLD) for uniform reporting by cohort analysis of treatment outcome in tuberculosis patients","volume":"12","author":"Veen","year":"1998","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"R17-17-20240907","first-page":"8","article-title":"Tuberculosis treatment adherence of patients in Kosovo","volume":"2017","author":"Krasniqi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tuberc Res Treat"},{"key":"R18-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159317","article-title":"Adherence to concurrent tuberculosis treatment and antiretroviral treatment among co-infected persons in South Africa, 2008\u20132010","volume":"11","author":"Mazinyo","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R19-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v6i0.19266","article-title":"The contribution of spatial analysis to understanding HIV\/TB mortality in children: A structural equation modelling approach","volume":"6","author":"Musenge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob Health Action"},{"key":"R20-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2406-x","article-title":"Unsuccessful TB treatment outcomes with a focus on HIV co-infected cases: A cross-sectional retrospective record review in a high-burdened province of South Africa","volume":"17","author":"Engelbrecht","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"R21-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159579","article-title":"Total delay is associated with unfavorable treatment outcome among pulmonary tuberculosis patients in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A prospective cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Gebreegziabher","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R22-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/00333549101250S407","article-title":"Tuberculosis and stigmatization: Pathways and interventions","volume":"125","author":"Courtwright","year":"2010","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"R23-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.13.0181","article-title":"A systematic review of global cultural variations in knowledge, attitudes and health responses to tuberculosis stigma","volume":"18","author":"Chang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R24-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v11i3.70078","article-title":"Socio-demographic determinants of stigma among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis in Lagos, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Abioye","year":"2011","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"R25-17-20240907","first-page":"1048","article-title":"An exploration of the causes of tuberculosis stigma in an urban district in Ghana","volume":"12","author":"Dodor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"key":"R26-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-4816-3","article-title":"Unpacking the dynamics of double stigma: How the HIV-TB co-epidemic alters TB stigma and its management among healthcare workers","volume":"20","author":"Wouters","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"R28-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7684-2","article-title":"Prevalence of psychological distress and associated factors among adult tuberculosis patients attending public health institutions in Dire Dawa and Harar cities, Eastern Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"Ayana","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"R29-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01664","article-title":"Quality of life, psychological interventions and treatment outcome in tuberculosis patients: The Indian scenario","volume":"7","author":"Peddireddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"R30-17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(95)00129-U","article-title":"Perception and social consequences of tuberculosis: A focus group study of tuberculosis patients in Sialkot, Pakistan","volume":"41","author":"Liefooghe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_466_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T14:54:19Z","timestamp":1787756059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_466_20"}},"subtitle":["A Structural Equation Model Approach"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_466_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}}}