{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:46:17Z","timestamp":1787071577727,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Volumetric analyses conducted using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) indicate that structural changes in the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia reflect the neurodevelopmental impacts of bipolar disorder (BD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aims to investigate neuroanatomical alterations in the volumes of the cerebellum, thalamus, and basal ganglia in children and adolescents with BD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Twenty-three adolescents aged between 13 and 17 years who were diagnosed with BD Type I manic episode according to DSM-V criteria and presented to the Gaziantep University Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry between January 2020 and February 2025 were included. The control group consisted of adolescents who underwent brain MRI for complaints such as headache or dizziness, showed no pathological findings, and had no psychiatric diagnosis. All participants were evaluated with a semi-structured interview (K-SADS-PL), and brain MRIs were obtained using a 1.5 Tesla scanner (Gyroscan Intera, Philips Medical Systems Nederland). Volumetric measurements were performed by the same radiologist in both groups.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The BD group showed a significantly larger thalamic volume compared with healthy controls (13.67 \u00b1 1.93 vs. 11.49 \u00b1 1.80;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0002). No significant differences were observed in cerebellar (139.99 \u00b1 21.44 vs. 140.23 \u00b1 11.13;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.7765), caudate nucleus (9.65 \u00b1 1.70 vs. 8.88 \u00b1 1.40;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.117), or lentiform nucleus (16.33 \u00b1 2.43 vs. 15.50 \u00b1 2.69;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.2859) volumes between the groups.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings suggest that neuroanatomical traces of BD can be found at an early stage in children and adolescents. These results provide important insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disorder and support the potential utility of neuroimaging methods in early diagnosis and intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_503_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T14:00:12Z","timestamp":1764424812000},"page":"1262-1268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuroanatomical Changes in Bipolar Disorder: Analysis of Cerebellum, Thalamus, and Basal Ganglia Volumes in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"M","family":"Karadag","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Gaziantep University Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep, 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