{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T17:17:34Z","timestamp":1787764654989,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"7","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sickle cell disease (SCD) is the most common genetic disorder, with Africa bearing the highest burden. In this cohort study, sickle cell subjects are immunocompromised and predisposed to recurrent infections and tonsillar hypertrophy, especially in children. Subsequently, tonsillar hypertrophy leads to sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) with resulting hypoxemia, hypercapnia, and acidosis, raising the risk of HbS polymerization and, consequently, vaso-occlusive phenomena and other complications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to compare tonsillar hypertrophy between sickle cell patients and controls.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted at, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar from September 2019 to September 2021. The cohort of the study was an SCD patient confirmed using hemoglobin electrophoresis at the hematology laboratory of University of Calaabr teaching hospital and recruited via the adult and pediatric hematology unit of University of Calabar teaching hospital, and Calabar sickle cell club. The data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel and IBM Statistical Package and Service Solution (SPSS) version 22.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Using Brodsky\u2019s grading, the prevalence of grade 3 and 4 hypertrophic tonsils in sickle cell subjects was 41.6% but 17.3% in control. The age range of 0\u201325 years was the most frequently affected with the peak at 0\u20135 years. The males among the sickle cell subjects were slightly more affected than the females (M: F =1.2:1), while the females were slightly more in the control (M: F =1:1.1).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertrophic tonsils affect control and SCD, but the obstructive grades are commoner in genotypes SCD- Sickle cell disease Haemoglobin SS, SC and AA.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_59_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,1]],"date-time":"2023-08-01T01:22:26Z","timestamp":1690852946000},"page":"1023-1028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Demographics of Tonsillar Hypertrophy among Sickle Cell Disease Patients in Calabar"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"AG","family":"Adekanye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Calabar, Calabar Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K","family":"Akaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, University of Calabar, Calabar Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"ANU","family":"Umana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Calabar, Calabar Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RB","family":"Mgbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Calabar, Calabar Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PM","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Okoi-Obuli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Calabar, Calabar Cross River State, Calabar, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010288","article-title":"Sickle hemoglobin (HbS) allele and sickle cell disease: A HuGE review","volume":"151","author":"Ashley-Koch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R2-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.656","article-title":"Management of patients with sickle cell disease","volume":"315","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"R3-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.9734\/IBRR\/2018\/43929","article-title":"Haemolytic disorders in sickle cell disease subjects in Nigeria: A review of the literature","volume":"8","author":"Akaba","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Blood Res Rev"},{"key":"R4-20240907","first-page":"60","article-title":"Prevalence of haemoglobin variant in Benin City, Nigeria","volume":"11","author":"Nwogoh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Sci"},{"key":"R5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.25","article-title":"Autosplenectomy of sickle cell disease in Zaria, Nigeria: An ultrasonographic assessment","volume":"27","author":"Babadoko","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oman Med J"},{"key":"R6-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.129661","article-title":"Prevalence of pulmonary hypertension in sickle cell anaemia patients of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria","volume":"55","author":"Dosunmu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"R7-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.4314\/ahs.v14i2.22","article-title":"Stroke prevalence amongst sickle cell disease patients in Nigeria: A multi-centre study","volume":"14","author":"Jude","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr Health Sci"},{"key":"R8-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1602702","article-title":"Adenotonsillar Hypertrophy in pre-school children with sickle cell disease and diagnostic accuracy of the sleep disturbance scale for children","volume":"22","author":"G\u00f3is","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"R9-20240907","first-page":"87","article-title":"Incidence of sickle cell trait and anaemia in Ibo pre-school children","volume":"8","author":"Kaine","year":"1981","journal-title":"Nigeria J. 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