{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:34:46Z","timestamp":1786649686993,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antipsychotic medications increase cardiovascular diseases beyond schizophrenia. This effect is worsened by the kind of antipsychotics used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the cardiovascular changes due to antipsychotics in schizophrenic patients in tertiary hospitals in Enugu State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective analytical study of 64 schizophrenic in-patients screened using Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI). Data were collected with a designed questionnaire and proforma of cardiovascular indices assessed at baseline, 1 and 3 months visits. (test of significance was set at 0.05).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The mean age of participants was 32.41 \u00b1 7.33 years. Three-quarter, 78.1% of the participants were on atypical antipsychotics. There are significant increase in mean differences of Blood Pressure and Electrocardiogram changes from baseline to 3 months following initiation of antipsychotics; SBP (117.96 \u00b1 8.00 to 129.31 \u00b1 13.54, F = 34.03,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), QRS duration (105.14 \u00b1 34.40 to 111.87 \u00b1 37.24, F = 21.7.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and PR interval (155.84 \u00b1 24.27 to 165.85 \u00b1 27.71, F = 74.25,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). The differences in type of antipsychotics (typical &gt; atypical) had a greater significant effect on the mean SBP (T \u2013 test = 2.27,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.02) and mean P-wave axis (T \u2013 test = 2.60,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antipsychotics increased cardiovascular indices post baseline. The typical antipsychotics significantly increased the SBP and P-wave axis of ECG compared to the atypical antipsychotics. Atypical antipsychotics and regular cardiovascular indices monitoring is advocated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_609_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]],"date-time":"2025-04-11T08:00:49Z","timestamp":1744358449000},"page":"280-286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cardiovascular Changes due to Antipsychotic Agents among First Episode Patients with Schizophrenia"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"TO","family":"Iyidobi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku\/Ozalla, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"TC","family":"Iyidobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku\/Ozalla, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AC","family":"Ndukuba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku\/Ozalla, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KU","family":"Amadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku\/Ozalla, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"PC","family":"Odinka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku\/Ozalla, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"RC","family":"Muomah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku\/Ozalla, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S","family":"Ghasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Enugu Campus, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","article-title":"Schizophrenia, schizotypal and behavioral disorders (F20 \u2013 F29)"},{"key":"R2-20260423","article-title":"Schizophrenia","year":"2022"},{"key":"R3-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2014.02.004","article-title":"Role of C-reactive protein in schizophrenia: An overview","volume":"216","author":"Singh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R4-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbr030","article-title":"Age of onset of schizophrenia: Perspectives from structural neuroimaging studies","volume":"37","author":"Gogtay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr Bull"},{"key":"R5-20260423","first-page":"41","article-title":"Latest questions and answers on schizophrenia","volume":"4","author":"Robertson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mental Health Matter"},{"key":"R6-20260423","first-page":"495","article-title":"Fifty years chlorpromazine: A historical perspective","volume":"3","author":"Ban","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R7-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050254","article-title":"Mortality among persons with a history as psychiatric inpatients with functional psychosis","volume":"35","author":"Hannerz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"R8-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291701005116","article-title":"Mortality in psychiatric patients 5 to 21 years after hospital admission in Italy","volume":"32","author":"Politi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R9-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-013-0054-1","article-title":"Antipsychotic-induced metabolic and cardiovascular side effects in schizophrenia: A novel mechanistic hypothesis","volume":"27","author":"Scigliano","year":"2013","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"R10-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s002280050714","article-title":"QT-interval prolongation by non-cardiac drugs: Lessons to be learned from recent experience","volume":"56","author":"De Ponti","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"R11-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.2165\/00002018-200225040-00004","article-title":"Safety of non-antiarrhythmic drugs that prolong the QT interval or induce torsade de pointes: An overview","volume":"25","author":"De Ponti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Saf"},{"key":"R12-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200262110-00006","article-title":"Antipsychotic-related QTc prolongation, torsade de pointes and sudden death","volume":"62","author":"Haddad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"R13-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1097\/00004714-200302000-00010","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs, cardiac arrhythmia, and sudden death","volume":"23","author":"Witchel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Clin Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R14-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199908000-00006","article-title":"The association of medical comorbidity in schizophrenia with poor physical and mental health","volume":"187","author":"Dixon","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Nerv Ment Dis"},{"key":"R15-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S49817","article-title":"Managing cardiovascular disease risk in patients treated with antipsychotics: A multidisciplinary approach","volume":"7","author":"Shulman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Multidiscip Healthc"},{"key":"R16-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273060","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/273060","article-title":"Minimizing cardiovascular adverse effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia","volume":"2014","author":"Khasawneh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cardiol Res Pract"},{"key":"R17-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S50006","article-title":"Etiology of cardiovascular disease in patients with schizophrenia: Current perspectives","volume":"11","author":"Emul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R18-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"MS21078COM5","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.MS21078COM5","article-title":"The epidemiology and global burden of Schizophrenia","volume":"84","author":"Velligan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6 Suppl","key":"R19-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881105058375","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease","volume":"19","author":"Citrome","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R20-20260423","first-page":"357","article-title":"Global economic burden of schizophrenia: A systematic review","volume":"12","author":"Chong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R21-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.4103\/jnrp.jnrp_210_18","article-title":"Economic cost of schizophrenia in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital","volume":"10","author":"Oloniniyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"R24-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.05.010","article-title":"Low prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in never-treated chronic schizophrenia","volume":"121","author":"Padmavati","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophrenia Res"},{"key":"R25-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7042","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291723000296","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the mini international neuropsychiatric interview (MINI) psychosis module: A Sub-Saharan Africa cross country comparison","volume":"53","author":"Korte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R26-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1983","DOI":"10.1097\/00004872-200311000-00002","article-title":"2003 World Health Organisation (WHO)\/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on Hypertension","volume":"21","author":"Whitworth","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hypertens"},{"key":"R27-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003264.","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003264","article-title":"Which QT correction formulae to use for QT monitoring","volume":"5","author":"Vandernberk","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"key":"R28-20260423","article-title":"Associations of schizophrenia with arrhythmic disorders and electrocardiogram traits: An in-depth genetic exploration of population samples","author":"Treur","year":"2023","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"R29-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2006.09.002","article-title":"Blood pressure, heart rate, and anxiety in schizophrenia","volume":"151","author":"Townsend","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"R30-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010013","article-title":"The Effect of Antipsychotics and Their Combinations with Other Psychotropic Drugs on Electrocardiogram Intervals Other Than QTc among Jordanian Adult Outpatients","volume":"11","author":"Bulatova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"R31-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1177\/10398562211047462","article-title":"Electrocardiographic abnormalities and psychotropic polypharmacy in schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders","volume":"30","author":"Tirupati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Australasian Psychiatry"},{"key":"R32-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.9740\/mhc.2017.11.246","article-title":"Management of serious cardiac adverse effects of antipsychotic medications","volume":"7","author":"Stoner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ment Health Clin"},{"key":"R33-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.156","article-title":"Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs","volume":"8","author":"De Hert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Endocrinol"},{"key":"R34-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e300501.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjment-2022-300501","article-title":"Associations between antipsychotics and the risk of incident cardiovascular diseases in individuals with schizophrenia: A nested case\u2013control study","volume":"26","author":"Peng","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Ment Health"},{"key":"R35-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2012.04.003","article-title":"Cardiovascular side-effects of antipsychotic drugs: The role of the autonomic nervous system","volume":"135","author":"Leung","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"R36-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S580","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.JPBS_211_19","article-title":"Effect of atypical antipsychotic on blood pressure in inpatients with Schizophrenia of Prof. Dr. Soerojo Mental Health Hospital Magelang","volume":"11","author":"Dania","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"R37-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X19841825","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X19841825","article-title":"Use of atypical antipsychotics and risk of hypertension: A case report and review literature","volume":"7","author":"Alves","year":"2019","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"key":"R38-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.6.696","article-title":"Conventional and atypical antipsychotics and the risk of hospitalization for ventricular arrhythmias or cardiac arrest","volume":"165","author":"Liperoti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"R39-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20451253221097261","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253221097261","article-title":"Effects of antipsychotics on heart rate in treatment of schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Huhn","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_609_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:57:04Z","timestamp":1786647424000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_609_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_609_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-09-10","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-03","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}