{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:19:24Z","timestamp":1787771964367,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaginal bleeding is the most common cause of presentation at the emergency department in the first trimester. Clinical presentation helps determine the likely cause of first-trimester vaginal bleeding. However, ultrasound imaging is required to reach a definitive diagnosis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine the relationship between clinical diagnosis and ultrasonographic findings in women with first-trimester vaginal bleeding.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A prospective longitudinal study was conducted on 94 pregnant patients with a history of bleeding per vagina (PV) in the first trimester by using transvaginal ultrasound.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PV spotting was noted in 64.9% and heavy bleeding in 35.1%. The most common clinically associated symptom was abdominal pain (68, 72.3%), and the least common clinically associated symptom was vesicle expulsion (2.1%). The most common predisposing factor was fever (31, 33.0%). The most frequent clinical diagnosis was threatened abortion (48, 51.1%), and the least common clinical diagnosis was gestational trophoblastic disease (GTD) and inevitable abortion (1, 1.1%). The most common ultrasound diagnosis at the initial scan was incomplete abortion (19.2%), while at follow-up scans, it was threatened abortion (48, 51.1%). The overall concordance between clinical diagnosis and ultrasound was 38.8%, with both complete abortion and GTD showing a concordance of 100%. The least concordance was seen in missed abortions (25%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical assessment is insufficient in the identification of the cause of vaginal bleeding due to the overall low concordance rate. A combination of clinical assessment and ultrasonography is required for decision-making in every case.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_618_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]],"date-time":"2024-02-26T23:00:34Z","timestamp":1708988434000},"page":"252-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Correlation Between the Clinical Diagnosis and Sonographic Diagnosis in Women with First-Trimester Vaginal Bleeding"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"OC","family":"Anajuba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CO","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CS","family":"Nwosu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CI","family":"Okafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MO","family":"Nwabunike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"AC","family":"Emegoakor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CG","family":"Azubuike","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"IO","family":"Uzukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"UA","family":"Aguwamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KU","family":"Okoye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KC","family":"Eze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital, Nnewi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240907","first-page":"69","article-title":"First trimester bleeding evaluation","volume":"21","author":"Dogra","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q"},{"key":"R2-20240907","first-page":"985","article-title":"First trimester bleeding","volume":"79","author":"Deutchman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"R3-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rcl.2004.01.005","article-title":"Sonographic evaluation of first-trimester bleeding","volume":"42","author":"Paspulati","year":"2004","journal-title":"Radiol Clin North Am"},{"key":"R5-20240907","first-page":"43","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation and management of the first trimester bleeding","volume":"14","author":"Yadav","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences"},{"key":"R7-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e8136","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e8136","article-title":"Ectopic pregnancy and miscarriage:Summary of NICE guidance","volume":"345","author":"Newbatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brit Med J"},{"key":"R8-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/RUQ.0b013e31829158c2","article-title":"ACR appropriateness criteria:First trimester bleeding","volume":"29","author":"Lane","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ultrasound Q"},{"key":"R10-20240907","first-page":"120","article-title":"A Review of the correlation between clinical diagnosis and ultrasound diagnosis in first trimester vaginal bleeding","volume":"8","author":"Aronu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"R11-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.4236\/ojrad.2019.91006","article-title":"Ultrasound study of first trimester bleeding","volume":"9","author":"Guena","year":"2019","journal-title":"Open J Rad"},{"key":"R12-20240907","first-page":"356","article-title":"Obstetric Sonography in first trimester vaginal bleeding (a single institution study)","volume":"4","author":"Eduwem","year":"2016","journal-title":"Merit Res J Med Sci"},{"key":"R13-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.4103\/2276-7096.148571","article-title":"Spontaneous abortions (miscarriages):Analysis of cases at a tertiary center in North Central Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Adeniran","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Med Trop"},{"key":"R14-20240907","first-page":"143","article-title":"Patterns of abortion presentation by using ultrasound","volume":"2","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Adv Biomed Pathobiol Res"},{"key":"R15-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.02.006","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of vaginal bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy","volume":"20","author":"Hasan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"R16-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1002\/jcu.20451","article-title":"Sonography in first trimester bleeding","volume":"36","author":"Dighe","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Ultrasound"},{"key":"R17-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3085","DOI":"10.18203\/2320-1770.ijrcog20162990","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of first trimester bleeding per vaginum","volume":"5","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"R18-20240907","first-page":"187","article-title":"Contribution of Emergency Ultrasonography in the management of bleeding during the first Trimester of Pregnancy at the Doula General Hospital","volume":"3","author":"Belley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Afr J Med Imaging"},{"key":"R19-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.17511\/ijmrr.2015.i10.214","article-title":"Correlation between clinical and ultrasonographic diagnosis in patients with first trimester vaginal bleeding","volume":"3","author":"Gavade","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Med Res Rev"},{"key":"R20-20240907","first-page":"57","article-title":"Maternal and perinatal outcomes in pregnant women with first trimester vaginal bleeding","volume":"7","author":"Amirkhani","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Family Reprod Health"},{"key":"R21-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1111\/1742-6723.12068","article-title":"Vaginal examination does not improve diagnostic accuracy in early pregnancy bleeding","volume":"25","author":"Chris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Med Australas"},{"key":"R22-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.31254\/jsir.2019.8203","article-title":"Abuya J, Mabeya H. Sonographic findings in first trimester vaginal bleeding at Moi Teaching and referral hospital","volume":"8","author":"Kitony","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Sci Innov Res"},{"key":"R23-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003360","article-title":"Association between first-trimester subchorionic hematomas and pregnancy loss in singleton pregnancies","volume":"134","author":"Naert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R24-20240907","first-page":"86","article-title":"Review of ectopic pregnancy as a cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in a developing country","volume":"14","author":"Iklaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J Dent Med Sci"},{"key":"R25-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.4236\/ojog.2015.54026","article-title":"Profile of ectopic pregnancy in tertiary level hospital in Uttarakhand, India","volume":"5","author":"Bansal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"R26-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.164642","article-title":"Ectopic pregnancy in Ilorin, Nigeria:A four-year review","volume":"20","author":"Omokanye","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R27-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.11648\/j.ajbio.20150301.12","article-title":"Gestational trophoblastic disease in a teaching hospital in northern Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Yakasai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Biosc"},{"key":"R28-20240907","first-page":"87","article-title":"Gestational trophoblastic disease in a tertiary hospital in Nnewi, Southeast Nigeria","volume":"50","author":"Mbamara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"R29-20240907","first-page":"1","article-title":"Gestational trophoblastic disease:A multimodality imaging approach with impact on diagnosis and management","author":"Dhanda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiol Res Pract"},{"key":"R30-20240907","first-page":"202","article-title":"Ultrasound evaluation of vaginal bleeding in first trimester of pregnancy:A comparative study with clinical examination","volume":"3","author":"Mamatha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Sci Stud"},{"key":"R31-20240907","first-page":"107","article-title":"Ultrasonographic evaluation of first trimester vaginal bleeding","volume":"9","author":"Vidya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Al Ameen J Med Sci"},{"key":"R32-20240907","article-title":"First trimester vaginal bleeding-Evaluation by ultrasound","volume":"5","author":"Padmaja","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Appl Res"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_618_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T18:22:26Z","timestamp":1787768546000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_618_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_618_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-08-19","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2023-12-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}