{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:05:22Z","timestamp":1787169922068,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of passive ultrasonic activation on calcium hydroxide removal from simulated internal root resorption (IRR) cavities at different root levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods and Material:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sixty mandibular canines were prepared and divided into 3 groups to create IRR cavities at apical, middle, coronal root levels. The cavities filled with calcium hydroxide (CH). Specimens were divided into two subgroups according to the technique used for CH removal: Passive ultrasonic activation (PUA), Classic syringe irrigation (CSI). The cavities were photographed with a stereomicroscope, and percentage of remaining CH was measured using digital image analysis software (Image J). Statistical analysis was performed with two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Duncan tests.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>PUA removed significantly more CH at apical and middle levels. (p &lt; 0.05) There was no significant difference between PUA and CSI at coronal level. (p &gt; 0.05) In PUA group, the amount of residual CH was the highest at coronal level. (p &lt; 0.05) In CSI group, the amount of residual CH was the highest at apical level. (p &lt; 0.05)<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>None of the tested technique was able to completely remove CH from the simulated IRR cavities. CH was removed better with PUA than CSI at middle and apical root levels. For both techniques, the best results were obtained at middle root level.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_650_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,21]],"date-time":"2023-08-21T00:57:43Z","timestamp":1692579463000},"page":"1289-1293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Efficacy of Passive Ultrasonic Activation in Removing Calcium Hydroxide from Simulated Internal Resorption Cavities at Different Root Regions"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"KY","family":"Yeter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B","family":"Gunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Z","family":"Danaci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2010.03.014","article-title":"Internal root resorption: A review","volume":"36","author":"Patel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R2-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(98)80056-3","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment of extracanal invasive resorption","volume":"24","author":"Frank","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R3-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.1988.tb00642.x","article-title":"Root resorption--etiology, terminology and clinical manifestations","volume":"4","author":"Tronstad","year":"1988","journal-title":"Endod Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"R5-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2011.01020.x","article-title":"Assessment of simulated internal resorption cavities using digital and digital subtraction radiography: A comparative study","volume":"27","author":"Stephanopoulos","year":"2011","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"R6-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2011.10.007","article-title":"Prevalence of internal inflammatory root resorption","volume":"38","author":"Gabor","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R7-5-20240907","first-page":"759326","article-title":"An insight into internal resorption","volume":"2014","author":"Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISRN Dent"},{"key":"R8-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.07.007","article-title":"Development of a new in vitro methodology to simulate internal root resorption","volume":"40","author":"Da Silveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R9-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1097\/00004770-200203000-00009","article-title":"Efficacy of instrumentation techniques and irrigation regimens in reducing the bacterial population within root canals","volume":"28","author":"Siqueira","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R10-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2007.04.015","article-title":"The in vivo evaluation of hand\/rotary\/ultrasound instrumentation in necrotic, human mandibular molars","volume":"33","author":"Burleson","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R11-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-9657.2000.016003116.x","article-title":"Comparison of different techniques for obturating experimental internal resorptive cavities","volume":"16","author":"Goldberg","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endod Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"R12-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-9657.2011.01023.x","article-title":"Intracanal dressing and root canal filling materials in tooth replantation: A literature review","volume":"28","author":"Panzarini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dent Traumatol"},{"key":"R13-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(99)80273-8","article-title":"Dentinal tubule penetration of root canal sealers after root canal dressing with calcium hydroxide","volume":"25","author":"Calt","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R14-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2591.2002.00539.x","article-title":"Influence of calcium hydroxide intracanal medication on apical seal","volume":"35","author":"Kim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R15-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(97)80206-3","article-title":"Interaction of calcium hydroxide with zinc oxide-eugenol type sealers: A potential clinical problem","volume":"23","author":"Margelos","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R16-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2016.09.009","article-title":"Efficacy of XP-endo finisher file in removing calcium hydroxide from simulated internal resorption cavity","volume":"43","author":"Keskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R17-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.13223","article-title":"Effectiveness of five instruments when removing calcium hydroxide paste from simulated internal root resorption cavities in extracted maxillary central incisors","volume":"53","author":"Marques-da-Silva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R18-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10266-017-0293-6","article-title":"Comparison of different techniques for removal of calcium hydroxide from straight root canals: An in vitro study","volume":"105","author":"Pabel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Odontology"},{"key":"R19-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2005.10.065","article-title":"A quantitative assessment of efficacy of various calcium hydroxide removal techniques","volume":"32","author":"Kenee","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R20-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2006.01182.x","article-title":"The evaluation of removal of calcium hydroxide paste from an artificial standardized groove in the apical root canal using different irrigation methodologies","volume":"40","author":"van der Sluis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R21-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01937.x","article-title":"Comparison of ultrasonic irrigation and RinsEndo for the removal of calcium hydroxide and Ledermix paste from root canals","volume":"44","author":"Rodig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R22-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2011.01854.x","article-title":"Efficacy of several techniques for the removal of calcium hydroxide medicament from root canals","volume":"44","author":"Tasdemir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R23-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2013.10.019","article-title":"Effect of different final irrigation methods on the removal of calcium hydroxide from an artificial standardized groove in the apical third of root canals","volume":"40","author":"Capar","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R24-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2591.2010.01718.x","article-title":"A comparison of two techniques for the removal of calcium hydroxide from root canals","volume":"43","author":"Balvedi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R25-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2008.05.003","article-title":"Evaluation of smear layer: A comparison of automated image analysis versus expert observers","volume":"34","author":"George","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R26-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12316","article-title":"Efficacy of different irrigation techniques in the removal of calcium hydroxide from a simulated internal root resorption cavity","volume":"48","author":"Topcuoglu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R27-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2006.06.005","article-title":"Removal efficiency of calcium hydroxide intracanal medicament with two calcium chelators: Volumetric analysis using spiral CT, an in vitro study","volume":"32","author":"Nandini","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R28-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/iej.12306","article-title":"An in vitro comparison of irrigation using photon-initiated photoacoustic streaming, ultrasonic, sonic and needle techniques in removing calcium hydroxide","volume":"48","author":"Arslan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int Endod J"},{"key":"R29-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/S0099-2399(88)80105-5","article-title":"Ultrasonic debridement of root canals: Acoustic cavitation and its relevance","volume":"14","author":"Ahmad","year":"1988","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R30-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joen.2015.06.006","article-title":"Ultrasonically activated irrigation to remove calcium hydroxide from apical third of human root canal system: A systematic review of in vitro studies","volume":"41","author":"Yaylali","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Endod"},{"key":"R31-5-20240907","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-6440201600725","article-title":"Evaluation of different passive ultrasonic irrigation protocols on the removal of dentinal debris from artificial grooves","volume":"27","author":"Vivan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Braz Dent J"},{"key":"R32-5-20240907","first-page":"430","article-title":"Healing processes after vital extirpation. An experimental study of 17 teeth","volume":"73","author":"Nyborg","year":"1965","journal-title":"Odontol Tidskr"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_650_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:59Z","timestamp":1787166899000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_650_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_650_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}