{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:39:43Z","timestamp":1786649983229,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"11","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"\n A\n BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n <\/jats:title>\n \n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Gingival enlargement (GE) is one of the most common soft tissue problems encountered during fixed orthodontic treatment. Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the factors affecting GE in adolescents and young adults, compared with their normal peers.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Subjects and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This is a cross-sectional comparative study. The sample consisted of 329 subjects (ages 10\u201330 years) of both genders, which was divided into four main groups: The control group (G0) with no orthodontic treatment; subjects who underwent orthodontic treatment were divided according to treatment duration into G1 (4\u201312 months), G2 (13\u201324 months), and G3 (>24 months). The clinical examinations included the level of debris, calculus (simplified oral hygiene), and GE indices. Regression analyses were used to assess the GE association in all the studied groups.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n The mean GE score increased significantly with increased treatment duration (0.42 \u00b1 0.29 for G0 and 1.03 \u00b1 0.52 for G3). GE scores of the lower arch were significantly higher in the anterior segment than in the posterior segment among all treatment groups. Regression analysis revealed that gender, age, oral hygiene, and treatment duration had a significant effect on GE (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05), while angle classification, overjet, overbite, treatment stage, bracket type, and therapeutic extraction did not show significant associations (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n > 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Gender, age, oral hygiene, and treatment duration were the most important risk factors for GE during fixed orthodontic treatment.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_69_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T05:31:44Z","timestamp":1636954304000},"page":"1649-1655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comprehensive evaluation of factors that induce gingival enlargement during orthodontic treatment: A cross-sectional comparative study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"YA","family":"Almansob","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MS","family":"Alhammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"XJ","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"MN","family":"Alhajj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Thamar University, Dhamar, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"HA","family":"Almansoub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathophysiology, Key Lab of Neurological Disorder of Education Ministry, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China"},{"name":"Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Saba Region, Marib, Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, PR China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1002\/j.0022-0337.2008.72.8.tb04567.x","article-title":"Effects of malocclusions and orthodontics on periodontal health: Evidence from a systematic review","volume":"72","author":"Bollen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Dent Educ"},{"key":"R2-20251006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Are the effects of fixed orthodontic treatment on gingival health similar in adolescents and young adults?","volume":"6","author":"Akkaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Biomed Sci"},{"key":"R3-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4723589","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4723589","article-title":"Impact of orthodontic treatment on periodontal tissues: A narrative review of multidisciplinary literature","volume":"2016","author":"Gorbunkova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Dent"},{"key":"R4-20251006","first-page":"26","article-title":"Gingival condition associated with orthodontic treatment","volume":"42","author":"Zachrisson","year":"1972","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R5-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2016.10.042","article-title":"Gingival enlargement in orthodontic patients: Effect of treatment duration","volume":"152","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R6-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.06.028","article-title":"Association between dental floss use and gingival conditions in orthodontic patients","volume":"140","author":"Zanatta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"R7-20251006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1093\/ejo\/cjm050","article-title":"Periodontal conditions in subjects following orthodontic therapy. 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