{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T22:21:33Z","timestamp":1793744493108,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>\n                    A\n                    <jats:sc>BSTRACT<\/jats:sc>\n                  <\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Tobacco smoking statistics are alarming and the oral mucosa is the first human part of the body that is exposed to the toxic substances of smoking.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Considering the high prevalence rate of tobacco-associated problems in the oral cavity and few studies on the Iranian population regarding the effects of smoking on the oral cavity, this study aimed to evaluate the relationship between smoking and oral lesions in the Iranian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Observational study. In this observational study, the oral cavities of 200 participants (smokers = 100 and non-smokers = 100) were examined by a trained dental student under the supervision of an oral and maxillofacial medicine expert, and the presence of coated tongue, leukoedema, leukoplakia, smoker\u2019s palate, smoker\u2019s melanosis, erythroplakia, frictional hyperkeratosis, acute pseudomembranous candidiasis, and erythematous candidiasis were recorded. Xerostomia was evaluated based on participants\u2019 self-reporting through a questionnaire. All data were analyzed using T-test, Chi-square test, odd ratio, 95% confidence interval, Fisher\u2019s exact test, and Spearman\u2019s rank correlation coefficient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The results of this study showed smoking is significantly associated with an increased risk of coated tongue (OR: 1.80, 95% CI: 1.32-3.54,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005), smoker\u2019s melanosis (OR: 6.176, 95% CI: 3.28-11.62,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.00002), and frictional hyperkeratosis (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 0.68-2.60,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.005). However, no significant association was observed between smoking and leukoedema (OR: 1, 95% CI: 0.51-1.94,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1). None of the participants presented smoker\u2019s palate, erythroplakia, and candidiasis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study\u2019s results showed that smokers exhibited a greater chance of developing oral lesions compared to non-smokers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_702_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:02:25Z","timestamp":1714348945000},"page":"467-474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Evaluation of Oral Mucosal Lesions in Iranian Smokers and Non-smokers"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"R","family":"Shoorgashti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oral Medicine Department, Islamic Azad University of Medical 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