{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:31:23Z","timestamp":1786649483426,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Intraocular pressure (IOP) is affected by factors like age, gender, body mass index (BMI), and blood pressure among others. Studies have investigated the relationship between IOP and age, gender, BMI, and refractive error (3-5). There has been conflicting results as some studies have reported a correlation between IOP and age, gender, BMI, and refractive error while results from other studies found no such association.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aim:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between IOP and age, gender, body mass index and refractive status in the primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) and non-glaucomatous eyes.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A case controlled study involving consecutive newly diagnosed POAG and non-glaucomatous patients conducted in the eye clinic of Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki. Demographic data included age, gender, and occupation. Height and weight were measured using a Standing Scale with calibrated metal rule. BMI was calculated as Weight (kg) \/ [Height (m)] 2). IOP was measured with Perkins hand-held applanation tonometer. Correlation and regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between IOP and age, gender, BMI and refractive status.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n There was a direct relationship between age and IOP in non-glaucomatous subjects which was statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001; r = 0.8). Intraocular pressure also increased with increasing age in POAG but this was not statistically significant (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.18; r =0.3). There was no statistically significant difference between mean IOP in males and females of both POAG and non-glaucoma patients, with\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.72 and\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.50 respectively. BMI had a linear relationship with intraocular pressure which was statistically significant in POAG (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.01; r value = 0.3) but showed no such relationship in non-glaucomatous patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.38; r value = 0.1). The relationship between mean IOP and refractive status was not statistically significant in non-glaucomatous (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.19; r = 0.2) and POAG patients (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.5; r = 0.09) respectively.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n IOP has linear correlation with increasing age in both non-glaucomatous patients and POAG. A statistically significant relationship was found between IOP and BMI in POAG but not in non-glaucomatous eyes. There was no relationship between either the gender, or refractive status and IOP in non-glaucoma and POAG subjects respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_768_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]],"date-time":"2024-10-30T23:00:13Z","timestamp":1730329213000},"page":"1121-1126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of Posture Induced Intraocular Pressure Variations in Normal Subjects and Glaucoma Patients. Evidence from Abakaliki"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"OJ","family":"Ireka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"OC","family":"Arinze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"DO","family":"Aniemeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"H","family":"Ginger-Eke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Ezisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"CE","family":"Ogbonnaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Teaching Hospital, Abakaliki, Ebonyi, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C","family":"Chuka-Okosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajo.2010.03.009","article-title":"Intraocular pressure and related systemic and ocular biometric factors in a population-based study in Japan: The Kumejima study","volume":"150","author":"Tomoyose","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.128819","article-title":"Ocular and systemic factors related to intraocular pressure in Japanese adults: The Tajimi study","volume":"92","author":"Kawase","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R4-20260427","first-page":"391","article-title":"Relationship between intraocular pressure and body mass index","volume":"64","author":"Huma","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pak Armed Forces Med J"},{"key":"R5-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.9734\/BJMMR\/2013\/2715","article-title":"The relationship between body mass index and intra-ocular pressure in Port Harcourt Nigeria","volume":"3","author":"Pedro-Egbe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br J Med Med Res"},{"key":"R6-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.5455\/njppp.2014.4.040720132","article-title":"Variations of intraocular pressure with age and gender","volume":"4","author":"Jeelani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Natl J Physiol Pharm Pharmacol"},{"key":"R7-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjopt.2015.11.007","article-title":"Age, gender and refractive error association with intraocular pressure in healthy Saudi participants: A cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Yassin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saudi J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R8-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.2174\/1874609811104020110","article-title":"Glaucoma and aging","volume":"4","author":"Guedes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr Aging Sci"},{"key":"R9-20260427","first-page":"2224","article-title":"Intraocular pressure in an American community. The Beaver Dam eye study","volume":"33","author":"Klein","year":"1992","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R10-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.1997.01100160742012","article-title":"Associations with intraocular pressure in the Barbados Eye Study","volume":"115","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0151766","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151766","article-title":"Age-related changes of intraocular pressurein elderly people in Southern China: Lingtou eye cohort study","volume":"11","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R12-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0420.2007.01068.x","article-title":"Intraocular pressure in an ophthalmologically normal Japanese population","volume":"86","author":"Fukuoka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R13-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.09.016","article-title":"Epidemiologic characteristics of intraocular pressure in the Korean and Mongolian populations: The Healthy Twin and the GENDISCAN study","volume":"119","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R14-20260427","first-page":"1092.","article-title":"Age and gender related changes in intraocular pressure among patients attending a peripheral eye clinic in Port Harcourt, Nigeria","volume":"5","author":"Ejimadu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Austin J ClinOphthalmol"},{"key":"R15-20260427","first-page":"5","article-title":"Correlation between age, gender, waist-hip ratio and intra ocular pressure in adult North Indian population","volume":"10","author":"Shikha","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"key":"R16-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.88.1.5","article-title":"Intraocular pressure associations with refractive error and axial length in children","volume":"88","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R17-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.5958\/2394-2126.2016.00095.5","article-title":"Association of refractive errors with intraocular pressure and its relationship with age and gender","volume":"3","author":"Roopa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Anat Physiol"},{"key":"R18-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/NT.0000000000000092","article-title":"Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health: A Critical Review","volume":"50","author":"Nuttall","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutr Today"},{"key":"R19-20260427","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.18240\/ijo.2021.03.11","article-title":"Comparing posture induced intraocular pressure variations in normal subjects and glaucoma patients","volume":"14","author":"Ireka","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Ophthalmol"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_768_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:54:40Z","timestamp":1786647280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_768_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njcp.njcp_768_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1119-3077","2229-7731"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1119-3077","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-7731","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-01","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-09-05","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}