{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:18:41Z","timestamp":1787847521151,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objectives of this study are to evaluate the proportion of helmeted and nonhelmeted patients sustaining mandibular fractures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A retrospective study was conducted on 200 patients reporting to oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) unit, trauma center, and department of OMFS. A predesigned questionnaire was used to collect the necessary data. Patients were evaluated for age, gender, mode of transport (2\/4 wheeler), presence of safety measure at the time of accident (helmet\/seatbelt), maxillofacial injury in two wheeler (with helmet and without helmet), type of impact, and its association to maxillofacial fractures, particularly site of maxillofacial fractures. The association between mode of injury, presence of safety measures, impact type, and site of maxillofacial injuries was assessed using the Chi-square test.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.5 was considered statistically significant.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mean age of patients was 30 years, and approximately 92.5% of accidents patients were male. In this study, 35% nonhelmeted riders were reported head injury and 5% of the helmeted rider reported head injury. 54.5% of the patients suffered frontal impact, 28% collision, and 17.5% lateral slide collision. Head injuries are the main cause of death among the riders of all two wheelers. Lateral sliding collision injuries (17.5%) resulted 60.6% of the fractures mandible, 24.2% midface injury, and associated injury (15.15%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of helmet is strongly recommended to prevent head injuries and facial injuries. In the nonhelmeted riders in motorcycle accidents, the incidence of mandible fractures increases proportionally.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_150_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T03:08:24Z","timestamp":1615950504000},"page":"56-61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Helmet shielding effect in mandibular fractures during road traffic accident"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"12","author":[{"given":"R. K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virendra","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roop","family":"Ganguly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jatin","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dipti","family":"Daga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R2-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-9290.44532","article-title":"A five year retrospective statistical analysis of maxillofacial injuries in patients admitted and treated at two hospital of Mysore city","volume":"19","author":"Shekhar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ind J Dent Res"},{"key":"R3-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-013-0578-4","article-title":"Study of the pattern of maxillofacial fractures seen at a tertiary care hospital in north India","volume":"14","author":"Pandey","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"R4-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.NJMS_8_18","article-title":"Prevalence of mandibular fractures in patients visiting a tertiary dental care hospital in North India","volume":"2","author":"Chaurasia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R5-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2006.10.004","article-title":"Pattern of mandibular fractures in Chennai, India","volume":"46","author":"Subhashraj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofacial Surg"},{"key":"R6-10-20240908","first-page":"79","article-title":"Evaluation of maxillofacial traumatic injuries of forensic medical center of Ahwaz, Iran, in 2005","volume":"25","author":"Dibaie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"R7-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e002621","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002621","article-title":"Road traffic injury mortality and its mechanisms in India: Nationally representative mortality survey of 1.1 million homes","volume":"3","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R8-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.4103\/ams.ams_135_18","article-title":"A comparative data analysis of 1835 Road traffic Accident Victims","volume":"8","author":"Meyyappan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R9-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849134","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/1849134","article-title":"The preventive effect of head injury by helmet type in motorcycle crashes: A rural Korean single centre observational study","volume":"2016","author":"Sung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R10-10-20240908","first-page":"340","article-title":"Maxillofacial injuries in motorcycles following the implementation of helmet","volume":"2","author":"Soumi Samuel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R11-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyr040","article-title":"Effectiveness of different types of motorcycle helmets and effects of their improper use on head injuries","volume":"40","author":"Yu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Epidermiol"},{"key":"R12-10-20240908","first-page":"2","article-title":"Does a full- face helmet effectively protect against facial injuries","volume":"6","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inj Epidemol"},{"key":"R13-10-20240908","first-page":"CD004333","article-title":"Helmets for preventing injury in motorcycle riders","volume":"(1)","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"R14-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2011.03.035","article-title":"A comparison of motorcycle and bicycle accidents in oral & maxillofacial trauma","volume":"70","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R15-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2013.10.017","article-title":"How safe is your motorcycle helmet?","volume":"72","author":"Lopes Albuquerque","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R16-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1227\/NEU.0b013e31826b2ead","article-title":"Helmeted vs non helmeted: a retrospective review of outcomes from 2-wheeled vehicle accidents at a level 1 trauma center","volume":"59","author":"Hooten","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Neurosurg"},{"key":"R17-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2005.01.015","article-title":"National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes. Drowsy driving","volume":"45","author":"Vaca","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Emerg Med"},{"key":"R18-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1080\/17457300.2014.945465","article-title":"Burden, pattern and outcome of road traffic injuries in a rural district of India","volume":"23","author":"Gopalkrishna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Inj Control Saf Promot"},{"key":"R19-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.9.3.257","article-title":"Effect of Italy's motorcycle helmet law on traumatic brain injuries","volume":"9","author":"Servadei","year":"2003","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"key":"R20-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1977.tb130562.x","article-title":"Motorcycle helmets and facial injuries","volume":"1","author":"Vaughan","year":"1977","journal-title":"Med J Australia"},{"key":"R21-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e3182988b59","article-title":"Choice of motorcycle helmet makes a difference a prospective observational study","volume":"18","author":"Brewer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Trauma Acute Care Surg"},{"key":"R23-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1551170","DOI":"10.1080\/23311916.2018.1551170","article-title":"The influence of helmet on the prevention of maxillofacial fractures sustained during motorcycle accidents","volume":"5","author":"Ruslin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cogent Eng"},{"key":"R24-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2014.05.006","article-title":"Influence of type of helmet on facial trauma in motorcycle accidents","volume":"52","author":"Cini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R25-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1080\/15389580802496968","article-title":"A prospective multicentre study of Injury profile, severity and risk factors in 221 motorcycle-injured. Nigerian Maxillofacial patients","volume":"10","author":"Oginni","year":"2009","journal-title":"Traffic Inj Prev"},{"key":"R26-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2015.01.001","article-title":"Mandibular fractures: An analysis of the epidemiology and patterns of injury in 4,143 fractures","volume":"73","author":"Morris","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R27-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1136\/emj.2007.055236","article-title":"Epidemiology of mandibular fractures in a tertiary trauma centre","volume":"25","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Emerg Med J"},{"key":"R28-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph14070821","article-title":"Patterns Associated with adult Mandibular fractures in Southern Taiwan-A cross-sectional Retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R29-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e31824e5b04","article-title":"Influence of helmet use in facial trauma and moderate traumatic brain injury victims of motorcycle accidents","volume":"23","author":"Cavalcante","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Craniofacial Surg"},{"key":"R30-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-013-0496-5","article-title":"The impact of mandatory helmet law on the outcome of maxillofacial trauma: A comparative study in Kerala","volume":"13","author":"Usha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"R31-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijom.2018.03.005","article-title":"Bicycle helmet are protective against facial injuries, including facial fractures: A meta analysis","volume":"47","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Oral Maxillofacial Surg"}],"container-title":["National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.NJMS_150_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T15:20:55Z","timestamp":1787844055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.NJMS_150_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njms.njms_150_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-5950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-5950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}}}