{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T18:22:52Z","timestamp":1788718972238,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"Suppl 1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Context:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The reactive oxygen species such as superoxide radicals (O2 \u2022), hydroxyl radicals (OH\u2022), and hydrogen peroxide play a vital role in the pathogenesis of human cancer development and have become one of the areas of key interest in the field of biochemical analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study was designed to determine the significance of oxidative stress and levels of nitric oxide (NO) in patients with premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), by evaluating the levels of lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants, and NO products.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Settings and Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The present study was conducted on 280 patients for 2 years. These patients were divided into 4 groups, Group I (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 70, control), Group II (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 70, oral submucous fibrosis), Group III (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 70, OSCC), and Group IV (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 70, OL).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Subjects and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The levels of lipid peroxidation products, antioxidants, and NO products were determined by colorimetric methods.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Statistical Analysis Used:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Paired\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test was used to compare the mean.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Lipid peroxidation products such as lipid hydroperoxide and malondialdehyde and NO products such as nitrite (NO2\u2013), nitrate (NO3\u2013), and total nitrite (TNO2\u2013) were significantly elevated, whereas enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants were significantly lowered in OSCC, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral leukoplakia when compared to normal healthy participants. The\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      values were calculated and came as statistically significant (&lt;0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Antioxidant enzyme impairment and NO status may be considered as one of the factors responsible for oral cancer pathogenesis and may serve as a promising biomarker and therapeutic target for minimizing malignant transformation in oral premalignant disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_160_20","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]],"date-time":"2023-04-10T03:40:37Z","timestamp":1681098037000},"page":"S65-S69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A biochemical research focused on the association of the levels of oxidative stress and nitric oxide with premalignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rohan","family":"Sachdev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kriti","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishal","family":"Mehrotra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samiksha","family":"Shwetam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shubhra","family":"Saxena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akash","family":"Srivastava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","reference":[{"key":"R1-10-20240908","first-page":"319","article-title":"Evaluation of community-based oral health promotion and oral disease prevention \u2013 WHO recommendations for improved evidence in public health practice","volume":"21","author":"Petersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Community Dent Health"},{"key":"R2-10-20240908","first-page":"226","article-title":"Studies on the oxidative stress parameters in oral cancer patients","volume":"2","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"EJBPS"},{"key":"R3-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4409","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2012.13.9.4409","article-title":"Estimation of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase in oral submucous fibrosis, oral leukoplakia and oral cancer \u2013 A comparative study","volume":"13","author":"Gurudath","year":"2012","journal-title":"Asian Pac J Cancer Prev"},{"key":"R4-10-20240908","first-page":"361","article-title":"Glutathione, ascorbic acid and antioxidant enzymes in the tumor tissue and blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma","volume":"9","author":"Fiaschi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"R5-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9748","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.24.9748","article-title":"Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma","volume":"85","author":"Frei","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R6-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/761264","article-title":"Oxidative stress, prooxidants, and antioxidants: The interplay","volume":"2014","author":"Rahal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R7-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072628","article-title":"Oxidative mechanisms in carcinogenesis","volume":"49","author":"Guyton","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br Med Bull"},{"key":"R8-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.3109\/07357909909032882","article-title":"Free radicals, oxidative stress, and DNA metabolism in human cancer","volume":"17","author":"Alvarez-Gonzalez","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cancer Invest"},{"key":"R9-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-9120(99)00075-2","article-title":"Antioxidant enzymes and human diseases","volume":"32","author":"Mat\u00e9s","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"key":"R10-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00029.2006","article-title":"Nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in health and disease","volume":"87","author":"Pacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R11-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.4103\/ccd.ccd_11_18","article-title":"Significance of serum nitric oxide and superoxide dismutase in oral submucous fibrosis and squamous cell carcinoma: A comparative study","volume":"9","author":"Sadaksharam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Dent"},{"key":"R12-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1999.0062","article-title":"Clinical and functional staging of oral submucous fibrosis","volume":"38","author":"Haider","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R13-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/S1368-8375(99)00092-5","article-title":"A modified classification and staging system for oral leukoplakia","volume":"36","author":"van der Waal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Oral Oncol"},{"key":"R14-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(90)86135-I","article-title":"Malondialdehyde determination as index of lipid peroxidation","volume":"186","author":"Draper","year":"1990","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"R15-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(92)90122-N","article-title":"Ferrous ion oxidation in the presence of xylenol orange for detection of lipid hydroperoxide in low density lipoprotein","volume":"202","author":"Jiang","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anal Biochem"},{"key":"R16-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)45228-9","article-title":"The role of superoxide anion in the autoxidation of epinephrine and a simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"247","author":"Misra","year":"1972","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R18-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(84)05015-1","article-title":"Assays of glutathione peroxidase","volume":"105","author":"Floh\u00e9","year":"1984","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol"},{"key":"R19-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/31.2.350a","article-title":"Determination of glutathione in human platelets","volume":"31","author":"Thomas","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R21-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/120.suppl_11.1480","article-title":"Assessment of human vitamin C status","volume":"120","author":"Jacob","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"R22-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/60.3.594","article-title":"Collaborative study of modified AOAC method of analysis of nitrite in meat and meat products","volume":"60","author":"Fiddler","year":"1977","journal-title":"J AOAC"},{"key":"R23-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.12428","article-title":"Global burden of oral diseases: Emerging concepts, management and interplay with systemic health","volume":"22","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oral Dis"},{"key":"R24-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2017.00693","article-title":"Oxidative stress in oral diseases: Understanding its relation with other systemic diseases","volume":"8","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"R25-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029940","article-title":"Psychological factors associated with head and neck cancertreatment and survivorship: Evidence and opportunities for behavioral medicine","volume":"81","author":"Howren","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Consult Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R26-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(90)90156-D","article-title":"Free radicals, antioxidant enzymes, and carcinogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Sun","year":"1990","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"R27-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.1.207","article-title":"Immunohistochemical detection of malondialdehyde-DNA adducts in human oral mucosa cells","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"R28-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2981433","article-title":"Pro-oxidant status and tumor promotion","volume":"227","author":"Cerutti","year":"1985","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R29-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1093\/jjco\/hyh058","article-title":"Evaluation of oxidative stress and nitric oxide levels in patients with oral cavity cancer","volume":"34","author":"Beevi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Jpn J Clin Oncol"},{"key":"R30-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(83)90989-3","article-title":"An approach to free radicals","volume":"1","author":"Dormandy","year":"1983","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R31-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-5134-4_33","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase and reactive oxygen species in TCDD-induced lipid peroxidation","volume":"197","author":"Stohs","year":"1986","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"key":"R32-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2940","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122940","article-title":"Oral submucous fibrosis: A review on etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy","volume":"20","author":"Shih","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R33-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.1995.274","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase activity in human breast cancer","volume":"72","author":"Thomsen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Cancer"},{"key":"R34-10-20240908","first-page":"541","article-title":"Immunohistochemical characterization of nitric oxide synthase activity in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck","volume":"113","author":"Rosbe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R35-10-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1038\/s41368-020-00090-5","article-title":"Loss of oral mucosal stem cell markers in oral submucous fibrosis and their reactivation in malignant transformation","volume":"12","author":"Sharma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Oral Sci"}],"container-title":["National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.NJMS_160_20","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T19:14:19Z","timestamp":1787166859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.NJMS_160_20"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"Suppl 1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njms.njms_160_20","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-5950"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-5950","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}}}