{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:26:11Z","timestamp":1787757971890,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) has several advantages over closed treatment modalities of maxillofacial fracture by offering an early return to function and better patient acceptance. The goal is to achieve good occlusion without placing the patient in maxillomandibular fixation (MMF). Nevertheless, there are certain situations when MMF becomes imperative in the postoperative period, even after ORIF. This study aims to identify the factors responsible for MMF following open reduction and internal fixation of maxillofacial fractures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Method:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Maxillofacial trauma patients with fractures involving the dentoalveolar component and treated by ORIF were included in the study. The following data were collected: age, sex, etiology of injury, fracture pattern, associated mandible fractures, delay in the surgical intervention, and need and duration for postoperative IMF. Statistical analyses were performed with the Chi-Square test, and for the inter-category association, the 2 proportion Z-test was used.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Result:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      106 patients with maxillofacial fractures treated by ORIF between July 2018 and June 2023 were included in the study (97 male and 9 female). Patients were categorized into three groups. Group A included midface fracture with associated mandible fracture (n = 30), Group B included isolated midface fracture (n = 30), and Group C included isolated mandible fracture (n = 46). The requirement for IMF was significantly associated with fracture pattern in both Group A and Group B, with a\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value of 0.03 and 0.004, respectively. In Group C, IMF is dependent on the type of osteosynthesis\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value &lt; 0.001. There was a significant association between the need for IMF and delay in the surgery (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrated that in pan-facial fractures, midface fractures accompanied by mandible fractures, and cases where surgical intervention is delayed by more than a week, supplementary intermaxillary fixation (IMF) may be required even after adequate osteosynthesis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_23_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T13:01:21Z","timestamp":1780491681000},"page":"290-295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Predictors of intermaxillary fixation (IMF) after open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in maxillofacial fractures: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kuldeep","family":"Vishwakarma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Apex Trauma Center, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amit K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Trauma Surgery, Apex Trauma Center, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandeep K.","family":"Pandey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dentistry, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Apex Trauma Center, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Apex Trauma Center, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop K.","family":"Dixit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Apex Trauma Center, SGPGIMS, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260604","first-page":"1606","article-title":"Pattern of maxillofacial trauma;a five years study of 3360 cases","volume":"22","author":"Khan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prof Med J"},{"key":"R2-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1054\/bjom.1998.0372","article-title":"Intermaxillary fixation is not usually necessary to reduce mandibular fractures","volume":"37","author":"Fordyce","year":"1999","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R3-20260604","first-page":"125","article-title":"Maxillo-mandibular fixation: Utility and current techniques in modern practice","volume":"21","author":"Akadiri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Niger J Med"},{"key":"R4-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/26323273211073785","article-title":"IMF After ORIF in maxillofacial fractures\u2014Case report and literature review","volume":"4","author":"Ezhilarasi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Traumaxilla"},{"key":"R5-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0037-1601373","article-title":"Midface fractures II","volume":"31","author":"Louis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Semin Plast Surg"},{"key":"R6-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2008.06.058","article-title":"Do the benefits of rigid internal fixation of mandible fractures justify the added costs?Results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"66","author":"Shetty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R8-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.5455\/medarh.2021.75.366-370","article-title":"A novel approach to the treatment of Le Fort fractures using internal fixation to achieve mandibulomaxillary fixation","volume":"75","author":"Phuc","year":"2021","journal-title":"Med Arch"},{"key":"R10-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adoms.2022.100322","article-title":"Rigid internal fixation of panfacial fractures without post operative maxillomandibular fixation: A retrospective study of 25 cases","volume":"7","author":"Murakami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R11-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-5950.94468","article-title":"A questionnaire survey on postoperative intermaxillary fixation in mandibular trauma: Is its use based on evidence?","volume":"2","author":"Shenoy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R12-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2014.543","article-title":"Postoperative maxillomandibular fixation after open reduction of mandible fractures","volume":"16","author":"Saman","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"R13-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200109000-00006","article-title":"Immediate mobilization following fixation of mandible fractures: A prospective, randomized study","volume":"111","author":"Kaplan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"R14-20260604","first-page":"37","article-title":"Treatment of mandibular fractures with or without intermaxillary fixation-A comparative study","author":"Sindet-Pedersen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Diagn"},{"key":"R15-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-59989570239-3","article-title":"Supplemental maxillomandibular fixation with miniplate osteosynthesis","volume":"112","author":"Valentino","year":"1995","journal-title":"Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R16-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jormas.2022.101376","article-title":"European multicenter prospective analysis of the use of maxillomandibular fixation for mandibular fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation","volume":"124","author":"Roccia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Stomatol Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R17-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/S0377-1237(10)80084-X","article-title":"Fractures in the maxillofacial region: A four year retrospective study","volume":"66","author":"Venugopal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med J Armed Forces India"},{"key":"R18-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fsc.2017.06.013","article-title":"Evidence-based medicine in facial trauma","volume":"25","author":"Dougherty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am"}],"container-title":["National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.njms_23_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T15:00:50Z","timestamp":1787756450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.njms_23_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njms.njms_23_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-5950","2229-3418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-5950","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-3418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-02-07","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-06-13","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}