{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:44:04Z","timestamp":1787071444827,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To analyze and compare the facial proportions belonging to the Indo-Ariyan and Dravidian races of the Indian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An anthropometric cross-sectional cohort study was conducted on Indian population enrolling subjects belonging to the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian races with the same racial decent and residing in India. Subjects belonging to the age group of 18 to 25 years, healthy subjects with a normal body mass index, subjects with well-balanced face, and subjects with class I occlusal relationship with near normal dental arches are included in this study. Subjects with known developmental or acquired facial abnormalities and subjects with either class II or class III occlusal relationship or with dental crowding or spacing are excluded. Both linear (horizontal and vertical) and angular measurements were taken to determine the morphologic characteristics of the maxillofacial complex. Twenty-two linear measurements and four angular measurements were performed on each subject.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sexual dimorphism was seen in both the Indo-Ariyan race and the Dravidian race pertaining to the upper and lower thirds of the face. However, it was noticed that with regard to the middle third of the face, the Dravidian race had a greater vertical and horizontal dimensions than their Indo-Ariyan counterparts. The increased anterior facial height contributed to the total facial height in both the races. The Indo-Ariyans had a longer and narrower nose, while the Dravidians had a wider nose. Overall, the facial proportions of the populace belonging to the Indo-Aryan race and the Dravidian race when compared to the Caucasians were lesser.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within the limitations of this study such as the small sample size and the pilot nature of the study, it can be concluded that the facial proportions of the Indian population belonging to the Indo-Ariyan and Dravidian races differed considerably when analyzed and compared with one another. The facial proportions of both these races also revealed significant variations in certain parameters from that of the Caucasians.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_44_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T15:00:12Z","timestamp":1763996412000},"page":"232-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis and comparison of esthetic faces between Indo-Ariyan and Dravidian races of Indian population: An anthropometric study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Uday Kiran","family":"Uppada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Dentistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Tauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, The Taulins Clinic, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"KP","family":"Senthilnathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0043-1770765","article-title":"Facial anthropometric measurements and principles \u2013overview and implications for aesthetic treatments","volume":"40","author":"Armengou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Facial Plast Surg"},{"key":"R3-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.4103\/ijdr.ijdr_594_22","article-title":"Facial profile of young Indian women from Maharashtra-A crosssectional pilot study","volume":"34","author":"Baghele","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ind J Dent Res"},{"key":"R4-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9548","DOI":"10.3390\/app12199548","article-title":"Facial anthropometric, landmark extraction, and nasal reconstruction technology","volume":"12","author":"Vu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"R5-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_136_23","article-title":"Cephalometric analysis of Indian races: A systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Uppada","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R6-20260604","first-page":"18","article-title":"Prediction of Anthropometric measurements from tooth length-A Dravidian study","volume":"33","author":"Sunitha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Forensic Odonto Stomatol"},{"key":"R7-20260604","first-page":"22","article-title":"Cephalometric study of the dentofacial complex of North Indians","volume":"39","author":"Nanda","year":"1969","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"R8-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-024-02185-6","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis of Indian faces: A systematic review","volume":"23","author":"Uppada","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"R9-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-023-02066-4","article-title":"Patient satisfaction following orthognathic surgery: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"Uppada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"},{"key":"R11-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a008599","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a008599","article-title":"Can genetics help us understand Indian social history?","volume":"6","author":"Thapar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"R13-20260604","author":"Das","year":"2016","journal-title":"Tracing the biogeographical origin of South Asian populations using DNA SatNav"},{"key":"R14-20260604","first-page":"836738","article-title":"Indian craniometric variability and affinities","author":"Raghavan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Evol Biol 2013"},{"key":"R15-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0000000000002231","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis of the face","volume":"27","author":"Zacharopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Craniofac Surg"},{"key":"R16-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_34_24","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment planning in dentofacial deformities: Are we justified?","volume":"16","author":"Uppada","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R17-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10015-1200","article-title":"Facial divine proportions in attractive North Indian females: A photographic study","volume":"4","author":"Tripathi","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J Dent"},{"key":"R18-20260604","first-page":"538","article-title":"A comparative study of facial Indices of Maharashtrian adults with other ethnic group and test for reliability of sexual dimorphism","volume":"14","author":"Datta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Forensic Med Toxicol"},{"key":"R19-20260604","first-page":"2235","article-title":"A study of stature estimation from facial anthropometric parameters by regression analysis in central Indian population","volume":"15","author":"Sunhare","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Pharmac Clin Res"},{"key":"R20-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjoms.2005.03.020","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis of eyebrows and eyelids: An inter-racial study","volume":"44","author":"Kunjur","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R21-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e3181addc98","article-title":"Eyebrow and eyelid dimensions: An anthropometric analysis of African Americans and Caucasians","volume":"124","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plast Reconstr Surg"},{"key":"R22-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2021.05.008","article-title":"Anthropometric analysis of linear parameters of the Indian nose: A cross-sectional study and comparison with Literature","volume":"74","author":"Bhandari","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R23-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2011","DOI":"10.1007\/s12070-018-1441-1","article-title":"Do aesthetic average nasal parameters matter for rhinoplasty in India?","volume":"71","author":"Parab","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ind J Otolaryng Head Neck Surg"},{"key":"R24-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.4103\/2349-5243.197459","article-title":"Craniofacial anthropometric measurements of adult Indians in angles class I malocclusion","volume":"7","author":"Shinde","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Orthod Rehabil"},{"key":"R25-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_954_22","article-title":"Head and facial anthropometry of the Indian population for designing a spectacle frame","volume":"71","author":"Maseedupalli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R26-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.4103\/njms.njms_347_21","article-title":"Anthropometric assessment of human auricle in North Indian population","volume":"13","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Natl J Maxillofac Surg"},{"key":"R27-20260604","first-page":"138","article-title":"Morphological variations and biometrics of ear: An aid to personal identification","volume":"10","author":"Verma","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Diag Res"},{"key":"R28-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.02.057","article-title":"Morphological examination of ear: A study of an Indian population","volume":"11","author":"Chattopadhyay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"R29-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.36348\/sjodr.2023.v08i02.003","article-title":"Perioral anthropometric indices: Its relevance in reconstructive surgery","volume":"8","author":"Ozioko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Saudi J Oral Dent Res"},{"key":"R30-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.4103\/jclpca.jclpca_21_23","article-title":"An observational pilot study on anthropometric analysis of lip\u2013nose complex of unilateral cleft lip children and age-matched controls by three-dimensional digital photogrammetry","volume":"10","author":"Prachi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Cleft Lip Palate Craniofac Anomal"},{"key":"R31-20260604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1007\/s12663-023-02022-2","article-title":"Is there a need for greater emphasis on clinical facial analysis than cephalometrics and 3D software solutions in the diagnosis and treatment planning of patients with dentofacial deformities?","volume":"22","author":"Uppada","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Maxillofac Oral Surg"}],"container-title":["National Journal of Maxillofacial Surgery"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.njms_44_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:46:14Z","timestamp":1787067974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/njms.njms_44_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/njms.njms_44_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0975-5950","2229-3418"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0975-5950","type":"print"},{"value":"2229-3418","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-26","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-21","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}