{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T19:36:03Z","timestamp":1786649763644,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced by\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fusarium spp.<\/jats:italic>\n                      They are classified as Group 2B carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We aimed to investigated the association between gastric cancer (GC) and urinary fumonisins levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted this age- and sex-matched case\u2013control study in Lusaka, Zambia. Cases were patients with histologically confirmed GC while controls did not have cancer. We tested the urine samples for fumonisins using high-performance liquid chromatography, collected information on risk factors using interviewer-administered questionnaires and analysed the reults in Stata version 15.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 52 participants were included in the study, 26 GC cases and 26 controls. In each group, 15 (58%) were females. The median age was 54 years; interquartile range (IQR) 46\u201366. Fumonisins was detected in 10 (19%) of the samples. Quantitatively, levels of fumonisins were higher in cases (73 \u00b5g\/ml; IQR 40\u2013109) than in controls (21 \u00b5g\/ml (IQR 5\u201347), but this difference was not statistically significant,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.25. Qualitatively, there was no association between GC and presence of fumonisins in urine (odds ratio 1.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.2\u20135.1,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 1.00). Lack of formal education and low socio-economic status were associated with urinary fumonisins\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04 and 0.02, respectively. However, on regression analysis, only low socio-economic status remained statistically significant with a regression coefficient of 50, (95% CI 29\u201370);\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study has demonstrated that urinary fumonisins levels are associated with low socio-economic status but not to GC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_139_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T07:00:58Z","timestamp":1767337258000},"page":"64-68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Association between Gastric Cancer and Urinary Fumonisins: A Case\u2013control Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Enock Mulowa","family":"Mumbula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelyn","family":"Funjika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia, School of Natural Sciences, Great East Road, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Esther Lungu Road, Kamwala South, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiyebe","family":"Banda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia, School of Natural Sciences, Great East Road, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lengwe","family":"Chilufya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, University of Zambia, School of Natural Sciences, Great East Road, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violet","family":"Kayamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tropical Gastroenterology and Nutrition Group, Esther Lungu Road, Kamwala South, Lusaka, Zambia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University of Zambia, School of Medicine, Nationalist Road, Lusaka, Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","first-page":"209","article-title":"Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries","volume":"71","author":"Sung","year":"2021","journal-title":"CA Cancer J 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