{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:30:57Z","timestamp":1787841057903,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of self-reported myopia in Trinidad and Tobago.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was a cross-sectional design, and data were collected using a validated structured questionnaire from January to April 2024. Systematic random sampling was used to select participants aged 15 and above to participate. Descriptive statistics were used to summarise the variables and the Chi-square test was used to assess for associations (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 350 participated in the study giving a response rate of 91.15%. Majority of the participants were female (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 197, 56.3%), mixed race (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 126, 36%), resided in urban areas (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 172, 49.4%) and aged 18\u201335 years (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 168, 48.3%). The prevalence of myopia was 40.9% and the prevalence was significantly associated with age group, ethnicity, level of education and religion (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). Myopia was associated with family history, lifestyle, use of spectacles, daily use of computers, near work, outdoor activities, sleeping and having a father or mother with myopia (All\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.05). In addition, ocular diseases such as cataracts and glaucoma were among the most frequent reported conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The myopia prevalence observed in our study validates age-related trends, offers estimates across diverse age groups, and reveals a significant association between myopia rates and family history, with a self-reported myopia rate higher than clinical testing surveys but in line with global prevalence reports.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_201_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T04:01:05Z","timestamp":1733284865000},"page":"311-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Self-reported Myopia in Trinidad and Tobago: A Cross-sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Ngozika Esther","family":"Ezinne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Optometry Unit, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Bathurst Rural Clinical School, Western Sydney University, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael Agyemang","family":"Kwarteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Surgical Sciences, Optometry Unit, University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selassie","family":"Tagoh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Auckland, New 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