{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:30:38Z","timestamp":1786728638444,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"\n Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n Maternal mortality is a major public health problem. Birth preparedness and complication readiness (BP\/CR) constitute a veritable strategy for reducing maternal mortality, yet adoption is low with wide urban\u2013rural discrepancies.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n The objectives of this study were to compare the practice of BP\/CR amongst women in rural and urban areas of Rivers State, Nigeria, and determine the individual-level predictors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n A facility-based cross-sectional comparative study using a multistage sampling method was employed in the selection of 924 (462 urban and 462 rural) women who gave birth within the last 12 months in urban and rural local government areas. Outcome measures were birth preparedness (defined as undergoing antenatal care (ANC) with a skilled birth provider, voluntary counselling and testing for HIV and saving money for childbirth at an agreed place of delivery with a skilled birth attendant) and complication readiness (defined as being knowledgeable about danger signs, identifying decision-maker, a nearest functional institution in case of emergency, emergency means of transport and funds and a suitable blood donor). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed at\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n The proportion of women who were birth prepared was significantly higher amongst women in urban areas (85.9%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 82.7%\u201389.1%) versus rural counterparts (56.7%; 95% CI: 52.2%\u201361.2%), whereas the proportion of complication readiness was significantly higher in rural (31.8%; 95% CI: 27.6%\u201336.1%) than urban (18.2%; 95% CI: 15.2%\u201347.8%) groups. Predictors were possession of secondary educational level or higher (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 4.9; 95% CI: 1.5\u201315.5), being employed (AOR: 2.7; 95% CI: 1.5\u201315.0) and ANC attendance (AOR: 29.2; 95% CI: 8.8\u201396.9) in urban, whereas amongst the rural, it was ANC attendance (AOR: 20.0; 95% CI: 9.1\u201343.7).<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n In urban areas, more women were birth prepared while fewer women were complication ready compared to the women in rural areas, with predictors such as education, employment and ANC attendance in urban areas and only ANC attendance in rural areas. Measures to promote ANC uptake, maternal education and empowerment could promote BP\/CR.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_275_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T03:02:11Z","timestamp":1717383731000},"page":"102-110","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Individual-level Predictors of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness: Urban\u2013Rural Comparison"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Onyinye Ginika","family":"Mba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibitein Ngowari","family":"Okeafor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Services Policy and Management, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260507","first-page":"1","article-title":"Monitoring birth preparedness and complication readiness: tools and indicators for maternal and newborn health","year":"2004"},{"key":"R4-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e042906","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-042906","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of birth preparedness and complication readiness in the Kassena-Nankana district of Ghana: an analytical cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Saaka","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"R5-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-018-0624-2","article-title":"Birh preparedness and complication readiness among pregnant women in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Berhe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"R8-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-11-55","article-title":"Birth preparedness and complication readiness in Robe Woreda, Arsi Zone, Oromia Region, Central Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"11","author":"Kaso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"R9-20260507","first-page":"41","article-title":"Birth preparedness and complication readiness of pregnant women attending the three levels of health facilities in ife central local government, Nigeria","volume":"23","author":"Kuteyi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Community Med Prim Health Care"},{"key":"R10-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.4103\/1117-1936.181420","article-title":"Birth preparedness and emergency readiness plans of antenatal clinic attendees in Ile-ife, Nigeria","volume":"17","author":"Onayade","year":"2010","journal-title":"Niger Postgrad Med J"},{"key":"R11-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-9-43","article-title":"Determinants of use of maternal health services in Nigeria - looking beyond individual and household factors","volume":"9","author":"Babalola","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"R12-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.4103\/0300-1652.108890","article-title":"Barriers to utilisation of maternal health services in a semi-urban community in northern Nigeria: The clients\u2019 perspective","volume":"54","author":"Idris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Niger Med J"},{"key":"R13-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-015-0041-8","article-title":"Birth preparedness and complication readiness among recently delivered women in chamwino district, central Tanzania: a cross sectional study","volume":"12","author":"Bintabara","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"R14-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2393-14-282","article-title":"Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women of child bearing age group in Goba woreda, Oromia region, Ethiopia","volume":"14","author":"Markos","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"key":"R15-20260507","first-page":"19","article-title":"Factors affecting birth preparedness and complication readiness in Jimma Zone, Southwest Ethiopia: A multilevel analysis","author":"Debelew","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"R16-20260507","first-page":"1","article-title":"Does knowledge of danger signs of pregnancy predict birth preparedness? A critique of the evidence from women admitted with pregnancy complications","volume":"12","author":"Mbalinda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Health Res Pol System"},{"key":"R17-20260507","first-page":"225","article-title":"Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness: A Study of Postpartum Women in a Rural District of Ghana","volume":"4","author":"Kuganab-Lem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Acad Publ"},{"key":"R18-20260507","first-page":"14","article-title":"Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women in Adigrat town, north Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"Hiluf","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ethiop J Health Dev"},{"key":"R19-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2013.0032","article-title":"Awareness of critical danger signs of pregnancy and delivery, preparations for delivery, and utilization of skilled birth attendants in Nigeria","volume":"24","author":"Doctor","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"R20-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4755-8-33","article-title":"Knowledge of obstetric danger signs and birth preparedness practices among women in rural Uganda","volume":"8","author":"Kabakyenga","year":"2011","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"R21-20260507","first-page":"14","article-title":"Birth preparedness and complication readiness among women in Mpwapwa district, Tanzania","volume":"10","author":"Urassa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Tanzan J Health Res"},{"key":"R22-20260507","first-page":"526","article-title":"Predictors and birth outcomes: An investigation of birth and emergency preparedness among postnatal women at a national referral hospital in Accra, Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Udofia","year":"2014","journal-title":"East Afr J Public Health"},{"key":"R23-20260507","first-page":"128","article-title":"Status of birth preparedness and complication readiness in Rewa District of Madhya Pradesh","volume":"53","author":"Kushwah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"R24-20260507","first-page":"52","article-title":"Status of birth preparedness and complication readiness in a rural community: a study from West Bengal, India","volume":"7","author":"Mazumdar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Al Ameen J Med Sci"},{"key":"R25-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60957","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0060957","article-title":"Birth preparedness and its effect on place of delivery and post-natal check-ups in Nepal","volume":"8","author":"Nawal","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R26-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.midw.2013.09.005","article-title":"Utilisation of skilled birth attendance in Northern Nigeria: a cross-sectional survey","volume":"30","author":"Adewemimo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Midwifery"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_275_23","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:29:40Z","timestamp":1786724980000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_275_23"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_275_23","relation":{},"ISSN":["1117-1936","2468-6875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1117-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-6875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2023-11-20","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-03-18","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}