{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:33:14Z","timestamp":1791556394666,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n The study aimed at establishing the normal Evans index (EI) in adults residing in Delta State, Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n \n Researchers sought ethical authorisation from a Nigerian University Teaching Hospital in Delta State, where this cross-sectional study was conducted. Computed tomographic images of the brain were retrieved from the hospital\u2019s radiological database. Brain computed tomography images of 195 adults (102 males and 93 females) were selected, and their axial slices were retrospectively analysed to determine the maximum width of the frontal horns (MWFHs) and the maximum intracranial transverse diameter (MITD). The ratio of MWFH to MITD was computed as the EI. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 27 was employed to evaluate the sex- and age-related differences in the quantitative variables and the association between them. These were regarded significant whenever\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Male patients had larger MITD and MWFH than females (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). However, the EI lacked significant sexual variances (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.051). As age increased, the mean EI also significantly increased, although, it did not exceed 0.3; the internationally recognised diagnostic cutoff value. The EI and MWFH showed a weak positive relationship with age, whereas the MITD and age had a weak negative association (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05). Both EI and MITD had a positive correlation with MWFH (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.05).\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n The normative EI values established in this study provide reliable references than will aid clinicians to accurately diagnose and monitor patients with ventriculomegaly associated with normal pressure hydrocephalus and neurodegenerative disorders, ensuring more effective management.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_289_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:00:40Z","timestamp":1742184040000},"page":"47-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of the Evan\u2019s Index on Normal Brain Computed Tomography Scans of Adults in Delta State Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Beryl Shitandi","family":"Ominde","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mamerhi Taniyohwo","family":"Enaohwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oghenetejiri Denise","family":"Ogholo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joyce Ekeme","family":"Ikubor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Delta State University Teaching Hospital, Oghara, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Precious Oghenefejiro","family":"Onogbe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ogheneyole","family":"Jeremiah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e06982.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2021.e06982","article-title":"Evans index among adult Ghanaians on normal head computerized tomography scan","volume":"7","author":"Dzefi-Tettey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R2-20260423","first-page":"615","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles using normal computed tomographic images","volume":"28","author":"Ominde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Euro J Anat"},{"key":"R3-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.3126\/bjhs.v7i2.49311","article-title":"Evan\u2019s index in adult Nepalese population: A computerized tomographic study","volume":"7","author":"Shrestha","year":"2022","journal-title":"Birat J Health Sci"},{"key":"R4-20260423","first-page":"F1","article-title":"Normative parameters of Evans index using computerized tomographic scan in individuals of Kashmiri ethnicity","volume":"5","author":"Jehangir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Contemp Med Res"},{"key":"R5-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3126\/nmcj.v23i1.36227","article-title":"Study of normal values of Evan\u2019s index on brain CT scan in individuals attending Nepal Medical College Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal","volume":"23","author":"Pradhan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nepal Med Coll J"},{"key":"R6-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.4103\/0976-3147.143195","article-title":"Computerized tomographic study of normal Evans index in adult Nigerians","volume":"6","author":"Hamidu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci Rural Pract"},{"key":"R7-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/ajns.AJNS_223_19","article-title":"Evaluation of the Evan\u2019s and bicaudate index for rural population in central India using computed tomography","volume":"15","author":"Dhok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian J Neurosurg"},{"key":"R8-20260423","first-page":"AO01","article-title":"Evaluation of Evan\u2019s index by computed tomography in hydrocephalic children in tertiary hospital of Telangana","volume":"7","author":"Palla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Anat Radiol Surg"},{"key":"R9-20260423","first-page":"151","article-title":"Determination of Evan\u2019s index using computerized tomography in Sokoto North-Western Nigeria","volume":"6","author":"Danjuma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Res Rep Neurol"},{"key":"R10-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.2214\/AJR.19.21261","article-title":"Frontal occipital and frontal temporal horn ratios: Comparison and validation of head ultrasound-derived indexes with MRI and ventricular volumes in infantile ventriculomegaly","volume":"213","author":"Radhakrishnan","year":"2019","journal-title":"AJR Am J Roentgenol"},{"key":"R11-20260423","first-page":"41","article-title":"Age-related cerebral ventricular volume changes in healthy elderly humans","volume":"53","author":"J\u00fanior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Bras Neurol"},{"key":"R12-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2711.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13162711","article-title":"The role of the Evans index and the maximal width of the frontal horns of the lateral ventricles in the diagnostic imaging of progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple-system atrophy","volume":"13","author":"Kuty\u0142owski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"R13-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7212","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2019.341","article-title":"Evans\u2019 index in healthy North Indian population: A computed tomographic study","volume":"8","author":"Lohani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Anat Res"},{"key":"R14-20260423","first-page":"28","article-title":"Evaluation of Evan\u2019s index in South Indian population using computed tomography","volume":"6","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Anat Radiol Surg"},{"key":"R15-20260423","first-page":"000150.","article-title":"Computerized tomographic study of normal Evans index in adults at University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, North West Ethiopia, Gondar","volume":"4","author":"Agegnehu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Hum Anat"},{"key":"R16-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.3126\/ajms.v14i6.52526","article-title":"Evaluation of the Evan\u2019s and Bicaudate index for South Karnataka population using computed tomography","volume":"14","author":"Kumbar","year":"2023","journal-title":"Asian J Med Sci"},{"key":"R17-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1359\/JBMR.041005","article-title":"Males have larger skeletal size and bone mass than females, despite comparable body size","volume":"20","author":"Nieves","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Bone Miner Res"},{"key":"R18-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00496984","article-title":"Age and sex dependence of the size of normal ventricles on computed tomography","volume":"14","author":"Haug","year":"1977","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_289_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:36:56Z","timestamp":1787067416000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_289_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_289_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1117-1936","2468-6875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1117-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-6875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-27","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-01-21","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}