{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:37:39Z","timestamp":1787773059426,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Obesity is a chronic metabolic condition characterised by excessive fat deposition with deleterious effects on human health. Obesity can adversely affect renal function by causing defective lipid build-up and increased deposition of fat in the renal sinus.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Aims:<\/jats:title>\n The aim of this study was to establish the relationship between serum Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1) concentration and renal lipotoxicity, using serum free fatty acid (FFA) level as its surrogate marker, among asymptomatic adult obese individuals.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n A cross-sectional study of adult obese outpatients in the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, without signs and symptoms of kidney damage, assessed for levels of serum KIM-1 and FFA, as well as anthropometry parameters and other markers of renal damage. Non-parametric tests were used for variables that were not normally distributed. \u03c1 <0.05 was statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Two hundred and twenty-seven participants with a mean age of 40 \u00b1 11 years were recruited, of whom 112 were obese subjects and 115 non-obese controls. The median (interquartile range) serum KIM-1 level among the obese participants (545.7 [469.3\u2013608.2 pg\/mL]) was significantly lower than that of the non-obese controls (672.6 [579.8\u2013807.4 pg\/mL]) (\u03c1 <0.01), even though FFA was not significantly different between the two groups (\u03c1 = 0.991). Among the obese subjects, there was a positive correlation between serum KIM-1 and FFA (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.232, \u03c1 = 0.014), but a negative correlation with waist circumference (WC) (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.236, \u03c1 = 0.013) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (\n r<\/jats:italic>\n = \u22120.315, \u03c1 = 0.001) which were statistically significant.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n Serum KIM-1 levels were lower in the obese subjects than in the non-obese controls, even though there was no difference in serum FFA levels among the two groups. The obese group showed an inverse relationship of serum KIM-1 with WC and WHR, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_309_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T07:00:34Z","timestamp":1772434834000},"page":"239-245","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Correlation of Kidney Injury Molecule-1 and Renal Lipotoxicity among Adult Obese Individuals with Asymptomatic Kidney Function"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Adaeze Njideka","family":"Onyekwena","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ifeyinwa Dorothy","family":"Nnakenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Pathology, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emeka Francis","family":"Nnakenyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morbid Anatomy, University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Ituku-Ozalla, Enugu, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4158\/EP161365.GL","article-title":"Reviewers of the AACE\/ACE obesity clinical practice guidelines. American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and American College of Endocrinology Comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity","volume":"22","author":"Garvey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Endocr Pract"},{"key":"R2-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23020747","article-title":"Kidney damage caused by obesity and its feasible treatment drugs","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R6-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31679-8","article-title":"Global, regional comparative risk of 79 behavioural, environmental and occupational and metabolic risks or clusters of risk, 1990\u20132015. A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Forouzanfar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"R7-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2021.1897665","article-title":"Estimating the prevalence of overweight and obesity in Nigeria in 2020: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Adeloye","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Med"},{"key":"R9-20260420","first-page":"4","article-title":"Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance","volume":"17","author":"Bastard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur Cytokine Netw"},{"key":"R10-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21625","article-title":"Increased oxidative stress in obesity and its impact on metabolic syndrome","volume":"114","author":"Furukawa","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R11-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2009.184","article-title":"An update on the lipid nephrotoxicity hypothesis","volume":"5","author":"Ruan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"R12-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm037","article-title":"Fasting insulin modifies the relation between age and renal function","volume":"22","author":"Oterdoom","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"key":"R13-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-017-0377-y","article-title":"Obesity and kidney disease: Hidden consequences of the epidemic","volume":"30","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Nephrol"},{"key":"R14-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F517","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00291.2005","article-title":"Urinary kidney injury molecule-1: A sensitive quantitative biomarker for early detection of kidney tubular injury","volume":"290","author":"Vaidya","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"},{"key":"R15-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(03)00020-9","article-title":"A central body fat distribution is related to renal function impairment, even in lean subjects","volume":"41","author":"Pinto-Sietsma","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R16-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.03.003","article-title":"Overweight, obesity, and the development of stage 3 CKD: The Framingham heart study","volume":"52","author":"Foster","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R17-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.107.095257","article-title":"Association of plasma resistin with glomerular filtration rate and albuminuria in hypertensive adults","volume":"50","author":"Ellington","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"R18-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2018-210573","article-title":"Prevalence and sociodemographic determinants of adult obesity: A large representative household survey in a resource-constrained African setting with double burden of undernutrition and overnutrition","volume":"72","author":"Chigbu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"R21-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-139-2-200307150-00013","article-title":"National kidney foundation practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: Evaluation, classification, and stratification","volume":"139","author":"Levey","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"R22-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e208","DOI":"10.5114\/amsad.2019.87305","article-title":"The role of kidney injury molecule-1 in predicting cardiorenal syndrome type 1 after diuretic treatment","volume":"4","author":"Atici","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch Med Sci Atheroscler Dis"},{"key":"R23-20260420","first-page":"436","article-title":"Assessment of renal function in obese and overweight children with NGAL and KIM-1 biomarkers","volume":"34","author":"Gul","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr Hosp"},{"key":"R24-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2018.1489284","article-title":"Are there any new reliable markers to detect renal injury in obese children?","volume":"40","author":"Bostan Gayret","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"R25-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21154","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-78382-3","article-title":"Augmented transcripts of kidney injury markers and renin angiotensin system in urine samples of overweight young adults","volume":"10","author":"Rivera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R26-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-014-2829-0","article-title":"Determination of early urinary renal injury markers in obese children","volume":"30","author":"Goknar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Nephrol"},{"key":"R27-20260420","first-page":"163","article-title":"Comparison of renal biomarkers in obesity with early renal dysfunction","volume":"52","author":"Patsri","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Assoc Med Sci"},{"key":"R28-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2105232","article-title":"Serum free fatty acid elevation is related to acute kidney injury in primary nephrotic syndrome","volume":"44","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren Fail"},{"key":"R29-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12050462","article-title":"The Roles of fatty acids and apolipoproteins in the kidneys","volume":"12","author":"Pan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"R30-20260420","first-page":"1016","article-title":"The value of serum free fatty acid, pregnancy associated plasma protein A, kidney injury molecule-1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin of women with gestational diabetes mellitus for diagnosing their early impaired renal function","volume":"5","author":"Jian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin J Fam Plann"},{"key":"R31-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2008.12.040","article-title":"Abdominal obesity and all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in end-stage renal disease","volume":"53","author":"Postorino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"R32-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2010.493","article-title":"Abdominal obesity modifies the risk of hypertriglyceridemia for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"79","author":"Postorino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"key":"R33-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.01.432","article-title":"Urinary kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and interleukin 18 W(IL-18) as risk markers for heart failure in older adults: The health, aging, and body composition (Health ABC) Study","volume":"64","author":"Driver","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"key":"R34-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.21608\/muj.2020.23326.1002","article-title":"Is urinary kim-1 a better biomarker than its serum value in diagnosis of acute kidney disease?","volume":"1","author":"El-Esawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Updat"},{"key":"R35-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.4103\/2229-516X.205811","article-title":"Performance characteristics of kidney injury molecule-1 in relation to creatinine, Urea, and microalbuminuria in the diagnosis of kidney disease","volume":"7","author":"Sinkala","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Appl Basic Med Res"},{"key":"R36-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13139","article-title":"Circulating kidney injury molecule-1 as a biomarker of renal parameters in diabetic kidney disease","volume":"11","author":"Gohda","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Investig"},{"key":"R37-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4495","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S361468","article-title":"The predicted value of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in healthy people","volume":"15","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Gen Med"},{"key":"R38-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-015-0403-3","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1(Kim-1): An early marker for nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients","volume":"35","author":"El-Ashmawy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"},{"key":"R39-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_92_20","article-title":"Does serum kidney injury molecule-1 predict early diabetic nephropathy: A comparative study with micro albuminuria","volume":"21","author":"Balu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Afr Med"},{"key":"R40-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0184","article-title":"Progressive renal decline: The new paradigm of diabetic nephropathy in type 1 diabetes","volume":"38","author":"Krolewski","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R41-20260420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2013070758","article-title":"Blood kidney injury molecule-1 is a biomarker of acute and chronic kidney injury and predicts progression to ESRD in type I diabetes","volume":"25","author":"Sabbisetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"key":"R42-20260420","first-page":"P459","article-title":"Increase in plasma kidney injury molecule-1 suggests early progressive decline in non-proteinuric patients with type 1 diabetes","volume":"89","author":"Novak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_309_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:17:11Z","timestamp":1787771831000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_309_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_309_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1117-1936","2468-6875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1117-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-6875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-01","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}