{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:33:25Z","timestamp":1787070805882,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,1]],"date-time":"2025-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1735689600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"\n Heart disease is one of the end organ damages noticed in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)\/AIDS. Its incidence globally is 20%\u201340%. At least 300,000 children were newly infected as of 2020 in Nigeria. This review highlights the prevalence and management challenges of childhood HIV-associated heart disease in a developing country. A search for published data on HIV-associated heart disease was done through several search engines. Keywords such as \u2018HIV\u2019, \u2018heart disease\u2019, \u2018HAART\u2019, \u2018end organ involvement in HIV\u2019, \u2018echocardiography\u2019 and \u2018children\u2019 were used. The global prevalence of HIV-associated heart disease ranged from 38.2% to 75.9%. This includes left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction (30.7%\u201336.4%); mean mitral valve peak E\/A ratio 2.09 \u00b1 0.46, Deceleration time (DT) 230.66 \u00b1 36.27 ms and\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n release test 110.40 \u00b1 10.12 ms were higher in these children than controls (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001). LV systolic dysfunction was seen in 33.7%\u201335.4%, dilated cardiomyopathy (6.8%\u201333.7%) and pericardial effusion (4.5%\u201314.5%). Other cardiac abnormalities were LV hypertrophy, 7.5%\u201310%. Management challenges include a dearth of two-dimensional echocardiographic competence in Nigeria, as services are unavailable in some tertiary centres. The comorbidity with anaemia and low systemic vascular resistance from diarrhoeal disease in these children makes diuretics difficult to use. HIV-associated heart disease is one of the common end organ involvements in children with some management challenges. There is a need for routine screening for cardiovascular abnormality at baseline and at follow-up.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_319_24","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,17]],"date-time":"2025-03-17T04:00:53Z","timestamp":1742184053000},"page":"14-18","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Human Immunodeficiency Virus-associated Heart Disease in Nigerian Children: A Persistent and Difficult Clinical Challenge"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Ijeoma Ogugua","family":"Arodiwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Paediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, 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children at Enugu, Nigeria","volume":"44","author":"Emodi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Trop Pediatr"},{"key":"R11-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14.","DOI":"10.21037\/jxym.2018.03.04","article-title":"Cardiac size and systolic function of HIV-infected Lagos children accessing routine care: A pilot study","volume":"3","author":"Animasahun","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Xiangya Med"},{"key":"R12-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4081\/acbr.2022.186","article-title":"Predictors of cardiac dysfunction in children with HIV\/AIDS attending university of Nigeria Teaching Hospital Enugu","volume":"3","author":"Arodiwe","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann Clin Biomed Res"},{"key":"R13-20260423","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30335-6","article-title":"Serum lipid and glucose profiles in HIV-positive Nigerian children","volume":"3","author":"Ige","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virus 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Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_319_24","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:36:55Z","timestamp":1787067415000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_319_24"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_319_24","relation":{},"ISSN":["1117-1936","2468-6875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1117-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-6875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-12-23","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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