{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T20:06:18Z","timestamp":1787169978396,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) present with high morbidity and reduce patient's quality of life. There is a gross paucity of data on biofilm-producing bacteria in DFU Infection in North-Western Nigeria. The study sought to determine the biofilm-forming ability of bacteria isolates from DFUs and determine their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern in Zaria, North-Western Nigeria.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This hospital-based cross-sectional study of patients with DFUs was conducted from June 2018 to February 2020. Consecutive biopsies were aseptically collected. Bacteria were isolated and identified using a Microgen kit. Biofilm forming ability and antibiogram of isolates were determined using microtitre plate and disk diffusion methods, respectively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 225 participants enrolled, males constituted the majority, 144 (64.0%) with 88 (36.0%) females, the median age of participants was 54 (48\u201360) years, and the age range was 36\u201377 years. A total of 172 bacteria were isolated, and 123 (71.5%) were biofilm producers.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      (26.7%) was the highest biofilm producer, while\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Citrobacter freundii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia<\/jats:italic>\n                      were the least biofilm producers, 1 (0.6%) each. A disproportionate resistance pattern was demonstrated among the biofilm and non-biofilm producers against the cephalosporins tested, ceftazidime (68% vs. 18%), ceftriaxone (50% vs. 8.0%) and cefotaxime (21% vs. 0.0%). About 46% and 68% of the biofilm producers were resistant to gentamycin and ciprofloxacin, respectively. While only 2% of the non-biofilm producers were resistant to imipenem, 11% of the biofilm producers were resistant to it.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings revealed a high proportion of biofilm-producing bacteria and were more resistant than non-biofilm producers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_552_21","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T09:51:31Z","timestamp":1638179491000},"page":"233-239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Phenotypic Profile and Antibiogram of Biofilm-Producing Bacteria Isolates from Diabetic Foot Ulcers in Zaria, Nigeria"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Yahaya","family":"Usman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adamu Girei","family":"Bakari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Idris Nasir","family":"Abdullahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdurrahman El-Fulaty","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatima","family":"Sani-Bello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Atiene Solomon","family":"Sagay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adebola 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