{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T18:54:45Z","timestamp":1783018485805,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological studies focusing on pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) have consistently reported robust positive associations between metabolic factors and PDAC. In the realm of evaluating the causal implications of these factors on PDAC, Mendelian randomisation (MR) demonstrates distinct advantages over traditional observational research approaches. Therefore, an MR study was meticulously designed and executed to elucidate the causal relationship between obesity-related metabolic factors and PDAC.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aims:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study aimed to explore the relationship between PDAC and obesity-related metabolic factors.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified instrumental variants corresponding to 30 exposures. These exposures could be classified into four distinct groups, namely traits related to glucose metabolism-related traits, lipid metabolism-related traits, body fat distribution and body mass index (BMI)-related traits. Summary-level data for PDAC were obtained from FinnGen consortia. MR analysis was conducted using three methods including inverse-variance weighted, weighted median and MR-Egger. Heterogeneity and horizontal pleiotropy were assessed to ensure result reliability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our research findings demonstrated significant causal relationships among body fat distribution, BMI-related traits and PDAC. Specifically, parameters such as arm predicted mass, leg predicted mass, leg fat mass, trunk predicted mass, waist circumference, whole body fat mass, BMI, weight and basal metabolic rate exhibit positive associations with PDAC. Conversely, other risk factors, including the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and WHR adjusted for BMI, present negative associations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provided evidence that some obesity-related metabolic factors were correlated with PDAC. Specifically, significant correlations were observed between PDAC and certain body fat distribution as well as BMI-related traits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_618_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T05:00:43Z","timestamp":1782968443000},"page":"451-459","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Causal Effects of Metabolic Factors on Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Risk: A Mendelian Randomization Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Jielin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaoyao","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, From the Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Functional Imaging, School of Medicine, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"djx012","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djx012","article-title":"The role of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic factors in pancreatic cancer: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"109","author":"Carreras-Torres","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Natl Cancer Inst"},{"key":"R2-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1790","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13743","article-title":"Type 2 diabetes and the kidney: Insights from cardiovascular outcome trials","volume":"21","author":"Giugliano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metab"},{"key":"R3-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1614362","article-title":"Health effects of overweight and obesity in 195 countries over 25 years","volume":"377","author":"Afshin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"R4-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01848-8","article-title":"Associations of six adiposity-related markers with incidence and mortality from 24 cancers-findings from the UK Biobank prospective cohort study","volume":"19","author":"Parra-Soto","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"R5-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S56","DOI":"10.1038\/ijo.2008.87","article-title":"BMI-related errors in the measurement of obesity","volume":"32","author":"Rothman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Obes (Lond)"},{"key":"R6-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.005","article-title":"Adiposity, history of diabetes, and risk of pancreatic cancer in postmenopausal women","volume":"29","author":"Arthur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"R7-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2070","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-19-0036","article-title":"A phenome-wide Mendelian randomization study of pancreatic cancer using summary genetic data","volume":"28","author":"Langdon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"R8-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2019-106200","article-title":"Mendelian randomisation study of the effects of known and putative risk factors on pancreatic cancer","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"key":"R9-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Using genes as instruments for making causal inferences in epidemiology","volume":"27","author":"Lawlor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"key":"R10-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: Genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"R11-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.4.722","article-title":"An introduction to instrumental variables for epidemiologists","volume":"29","author":"Greenland","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R12-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00892-1","article-title":"Whole-exome imputation within UK Biobank powers rare coding variant association and fine-mapping analyses","volume":"53","author":"Barton","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R13-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00852-9","article-title":"The trans-ancestral genomic architecture of glycemic traits","volume":"53","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R14-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0144-6","article-title":"Mixed-model association for biobank-scale datasets","volume":"50","author":"Loh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"R15-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3001547","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001547","article-title":"Characterising metabolomic signatures of lipid-modifying therapies through drug target Mendelian randomisation","volume":"20","author":"Richardson","year":"2022","journal-title":"PLoS Biol"},{"key":"R16-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3641","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddy271","article-title":"Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for height and body mass index in \u223c700000 individuals of European ancestry","volume":"27","author":"Yengo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"R17-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-017-0255-x","article-title":"Interpreting findings from Mendelian randomization using the MR-egger method","volume":"32","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R18-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1373\/clinchem.2017.277376","article-title":"Obesity and cancer: Evidence, impact, and future directions","volume":"64","author":"Colditz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R19-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-022-10054-2","article-title":"The timing of adiposity and changes in the life course on the risk of cancer","volume":"41","author":"Fang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev"},{"key":"R20-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bvae017","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvae017","article-title":"Physical activity, sedentary behavior, and pancreatic cancer risk: A Mendelian randomization study","volume":"8","author":"Gentiluomo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"R21-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.3945\/an.117.015446","article-title":"Anthropometric indicators as body fat discriminators in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Alves Junior","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv Nutr"},{"key":"R22-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1111\/ijpo.242","article-title":"Diagnostic performance of body mass index to identify obesity as defined by body adiposity in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Javed","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr Obes"},{"key":"R23-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2188\/jea.JE20100116","article-title":"Cut-off values of body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to-height ratio to identify excess abdominal fat: Population-based screening of Japanese school children","volume":"21","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Epidemiol"},{"key":"R24-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32753","article-title":"Predicted basal metabolic rate and cancer risk in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition","volume":"147","author":"Kliemann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Cancer"},{"key":"R25-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-05-0800","article-title":"Anthropometry, physical activity, and the risk of pancreatic cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition","volume":"15","author":"Berrington de Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"key":"R26-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1265\/ehpm.22-00279","article-title":"Association between trunk-to-peripheral fat ratio and renal function in elderly Japanese men: Baseline data from the Fujiwara-Kyo osteoporosis risk in men (FORMEN) study","volume":"28","author":"Kouda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Health Prev Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 8","key":"R27-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S26","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199200208-00006","article-title":"Abdominal fat distribution and the metabolic syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Bj\u00f6rntorp","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Cardiovasc Pharmacol"},{"key":"R28-20260702","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2008.04.002","article-title":"Waist-to-hip ratio and body mass index as risk factors for cardiovascular events in CKD","volume":"52","author":"Elsayed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"}],"container-title":["Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/NPMJ.NPMJ_618_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T17:46:37Z","timestamp":1783014397000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.lww.com\/10.4103\/NPMJ.NPMJ_618_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/npmj.npmj_618_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["1117-1936","2468-6875"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1117-1936","type":"print"},{"value":"2468-6875","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-14","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-24","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}