{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T16:42:09Z","timestamp":1786725729725,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The long-term use of topical anti-glaucoma medications is often associated with ocular surface toxicity that can affect the patient\u2019s drug compliance and quality of life. This study assessed the effect of these medications, using cytological changes of the conjunctiva and ocular surface symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a clinic-based, case\u2013control study that was conducted at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital that compared glaucoma patients on topical medications with age\u2013sex-matched controls. The controls were non-glaucoma patients, who were not on any topical ocular medications at least 6 months prior to the study. The Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire was used to assess ocular surface symptoms. Schirmer\u2019s I test, tear film break-up time (TBUT) test and corneal fluorescein staining of the ocular surface were used for ocular surface disease (OSD) assessment and conjunctival impression cytology (CIC) for histological assessment and grading.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Six hundred and ninety-six eyes of 348 respondents, 174 cases and 174 controls, were assessed for OSD. The mean ages of the case and control groups were 56.3 \u00b1 12.9 years and 55.5 \u00b1 13.2 years, respectively, with no statistical difference (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.589). All ocular parameters assessed were significantly abnormal in the case group compared to the control group. The use of topical anti-glaucoma medications was significantly associated with abnormal TBUT (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), Schirmer\u2019s test (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), ocular surface staining (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001), CIC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and OSDI scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001). A significant association was seen between abnormal TBUT and the number of medications (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.044, odds ratio [OR] =0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.44\u20131.14), between abnormal ocular surface staining and duration of anti-glaucoma medications usage (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0104, OR = 1.2, 95% CI: 1.04\u20131.43) and between abnormal CIC and the duration of anti-glaucoma medications (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0007, OR = 0.7, 95% CI: 0.59\u20130.86).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study demonstrates that prolonged use of topical anti-glaucoma medications may be associated with damage to the ocular surface structures.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/npmj.npmj_99_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,27]],"date-time":"2023-08-27T23:52:59Z","timestamp":1693180379000},"page":"240-249","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Clinico-cytological Analysis of Conjunctiva and Ocular Surface Symptoms of Patients on Topical Anti-glaucoma Medications Attending Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria: A Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Olufisayo Temitayo","family":"Aribaba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"},{"name":"Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olusesan Adetunji","family":"Adenekan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"},{"name":"Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adegboyega Sunday","family":"Alabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"},{"name":"Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mobolaji Taiwo","family":"Aina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"},{"name":"Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles Chidozie","family":"Anunobi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomic and Molecular Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adeola Olukorede","family":"Onakoya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos, Nigeria"},{"name":"Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.53049","article-title":"Current concepts in the pathophysiology of glaucoma","volume":"57","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R2-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2011.11.003","article-title":"Glaucoma 2.0:Neuroprotection, neuroregeneration, neuroenhancement","volume":"119","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R3-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.05.013","article-title":"Global prevalence of glaucoma and projections of glaucoma burden through 2040:A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"121","author":"Tham","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"R4-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20240908","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(94)31090-6","article-title":"The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in a population-based study in The Netherlands. 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