{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:14:00Z","timestamp":1790727240970,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":229,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The globus pallidus plays a pivotal role in the basal ganglia circuit. Parkinson\u2019s disease is characterized by degeneration of dopamine-producing cells in the substantia nigra, which leads to dopamine deficiency in the brain that subsequently manifests as various motor and non-motor symptoms. This review aims to summarize the involvement of the globus pallidus in both motor and non-motor manifestations of Parkinson\u2019s disease. The firing activities of parvalbumin neurons in the medial globus pallidus, including both the firing rate and pattern, exhibit strong correlations with the bradykinesia and rigidity associated with Parkinson\u2019s disease. Increased beta oscillations, which are highly correlated with bradykinesia and rigidity, are regulated by the lateral globus pallidus. Furthermore, bradykinesia and rigidity are strongly linked to the loss of dopaminergic projections within the cortical-basal ganglia-thalamocortical loop. Resting tremors are attributed to the transmission of pathological signals from the basal ganglia through the motor cortex to the cerebellum-ventral intermediate nucleus circuit. The cortico\u2013striato\u2013pallidal loop is responsible for mediating pallidi-associated sleep disorders. Medication and deep brain stimulation are the primary therapeutic strategies addressing the globus pallidus in Parkinson\u2019s disease. Medication is the primary treatment for motor symptoms in the early stages of Parkinson\u2019s disease, while deep brain stimulation has been clinically proven to be effective in alleviating symptoms in patients with advanced Parkinson\u2019s disease, particularly for the movement disorders caused by levodopa. Deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus internus can improve motor function in patients with tremor-dominant and non-tremor-dominant Parkinson\u2019s disease, while deep brain stimulation targeting the globus pallidus externus can alter the temporal pattern of neural activity throughout the basal ganglia\u2013thalamus network. Therefore, the composition of the globus pallidus neurons, the neurotransmitters that act on them, their electrical activity, and the neural circuits they form can guide the search for new multi-target drugs to treat Parkinson\u2019s disease in clinical practice. Examining the potential intra-nuclear and neural circuit mechanisms of deep brain stimulation associated with the globus pallidus can facilitate the management of both motor and non-motor symptoms while minimizing the side effects caused by deep brain stimulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-23-01660","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T02:03:37Z","timestamp":1717725817000},"page":"1628-1643","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Role of the globus pallidus in motor and non-motor symptoms of Parkinson\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Yimiao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, 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