{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:34:00Z","timestamp":1787841240326,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>High-mobility group box 1 was first discovered in the calf thymus as a DNA-binding nuclear protein and has been widely studied in diverse fields, including neurology and neuroscience. High-mobility group box 1 in the extracellular space functions as a pro-inflammatory damage-associated molecular pattern, which has been proven to play an important role in a wide variety of central nervous system disorders such as ischemic stroke, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson\u2019s disease, multiple sclerosis, epilepsy, and traumatic brain injury. Several drugs that inhibit high-mobility group box 1 as a damage-associated molecular pattern, such as glycyrrhizin, ethyl pyruvate, and neutralizing anti-high-mobility group box 1 antibodies, are commonly used to target high-mobility group box 1 activity in central nervous system disorders. Although it is commonly known for its detrimental inflammatory effect, high-mobility group box 1 has also been shown to have beneficial pro-regenerative roles in central nervous system disorders. In this narrative review, we provide a brief summary of the history of high-mobility group box 1 research and its characterization as a damage-associated molecular pattern, its downstream receptors, and intracellular signaling pathways, how high-mobility group box 1 exerts the repair-favoring roles in general and in the central nervous system, and clues on how to differentiate the pro-regenerative from the pro-inflammatory role. Research targeting high-mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system may benefit from differentiating between the two functions rather than overall suppression of high-mobility group box 1.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-23-01964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,5]],"date-time":"2024-04-05T04:03:14Z","timestamp":1712289794000},"page":"107-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["High mobility group box 1 in the central nervous system: regeneration hidden beneath inflammation"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Hanki","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bum Jun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seungyon","family":"Koh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ajou University Graduate School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyo Jin","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, South 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