{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T07:01:18Z","timestamp":1793170878158,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":305,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis regulates the secretion of glucocorticoids in response to environmental challenges. In the brain, a nuclear receptor transcription factor, the glucocorticoid receptor, is an important component of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis\u2019s negative feedback loop and plays a key role in regulating cognitive equilibrium and neuroplasticity. The glucocorticoid receptor influences cognitive processes, including glutamate neurotransmission, calcium signaling, and the activation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor\u2013mediated pathways, through a combination of genomic and non-genomic mechanisms. Protein interactions within the central nervous system can alter the expression and activity of the glucocorticoid receptor, thereby affecting the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and stress-related cognitive functions. An appropriate level of glucocorticoid receptor expression can improve cognitive function, while excessive glucocorticoid receptors or long-term exposure to glucocorticoids may lead to cognitive impairment. Patients with cognitive impairment\u2013associated diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease, aging, depression, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, stroke, and addiction, often present with dysregulation of the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and glucocorticoid receptor expression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the functions of the glucocorticoid receptor in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis and cognitive activities. It emphasizes that appropriate glucocorticoid receptor signaling facilitates learning and memory, while its dysregulation can lead to cognitive impairment. This provides clues about how glucocorticoid receptor signaling can be targeted to overcome cognitive disability-related disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-24-00355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T07:05:01Z","timestamp":1725865501000},"page":"2520-2537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Glucocorticoid receptor signaling in the brain and its involvement in cognitive function"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Chonglin","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 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