{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T18:23:57Z","timestamp":1793298237843,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":179,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Ischemic stroke, a frequently occurring form of stroke, is caused by obstruction of cerebral blood flow, which leads to ischemia, hypoxia, and necrosis of local brain tissue. After ischemic stroke, both astrocytes and the blood\u2013brain barrier undergo morphological and functional transformations. However, the interplay between astrocytes and the blood\u2013brain barrier has received less attention. This comprehensive review explores the physiological and pathological morphological and functional changes in astrocytes and the blood\u2013brain barrier in ischemic stroke. Post-stroke, the structure of endothelial cells and peripheral cells undergoes alterations, causing disruption of the blood\u2013brain barrier. This disruption allows various pro-inflammatory factors and chemokines to cross the blood\u2013brain barrier. Simultaneously, astrocytes swell and primarily adopt two phenotypic states: A1 and A2, which exhibit different roles at different stages of ischemic stroke. During the acute phase, A1 reactive astrocytes secrete vascular endothelial growth factor, matrix metalloproteinases, lipid carrier protein-2, and other cytokines, exacerbating damage to endothelial cells and tight junctions. Conversely, A2 reactive astrocytes produce pentraxin 3, Sonic hedgehog, angiopoietin-1, and other protective factors for endothelial cells. Furthermore, astrocytes indirectly influence blood\u2013brain barrier permeability through ferroptosis and exosomes. In the middle and late (recovery) stages of ischemic stroke, A1 and A2 astrocytes show different effects on glial scar formation. A1 astrocytes promote glial scar formation and inhibit axon growth via glial fibrillary acidic protein, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, and transforming growth factor-\u03b2. In contrast, A2 astrocytes facilitate axon growth through platelet-derived growth factor, playing a crucial role in vascular remodeling. Therefore, enhancing our understanding of the pathological changes and interactions between astrocytes and the blood\u2013brain barrier is a vital therapeutic target for preventing further brain damage in acute stroke. These insights may pave the way for innovative therapeutic strategies for ischemic stroke.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-24-01417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T21:00:07Z","timestamp":1750366807000},"page":"1359-1372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Different roles of astrocytes in the blood\u2013brain barrier during the acute and recovery phases of stroke"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jialin","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuxiao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fafeng","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhua","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haojia","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuxin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7682-3877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueqian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2752-1925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qingguo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8382-1717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1824","article-title":"Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"7","author":"Abbott","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R2-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1206936","article-title":"The Hedgehog pathway promotes blood-brain barrier integrity and CNS immune quiescence","volume":"334","author":"Alvarez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R3-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1252","article-title":"The molecular basis of water transport in the brain","volume":"4","author":"Amiry-Moghaddam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurosci"},{"key":"R4-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17623","article-title":"Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration","volume":"532","author":"Anderson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R5-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09522","article-title":"Pericytes regulate the blood-brain barrier","volume":"468","author":"Armulik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R6-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2023.11.002","article-title":"Astrocytes and microglia-targeted Danshensu liposomes enhance the therapeutic effects on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"364","author":"Bai","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"R7-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e502","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000207460","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier permeability and kinetics of inflammatory markers in acute stroke patients treated with thrombectomy","volume":"101","author":"Bani-Sadr","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R8-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2009.248","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates hypoxia-induced vascular leakage in the brain via tight junction rearrangement","volume":"30","author":"Bauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R9-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-328X(94)00232-4","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor II is induced during wound repair following hypoxic-ischemic injury in the developing rat brain","volume":"29","author":"Beilharz","year":"1995","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"R10-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(98)00122-3","article-title":"Co-ordinated and cellular specific induction of the components of the IGF\/IGFBP axis in the rat brain following hypoxic-ischemic injury","volume":"59","author":"Beilharz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"R11-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2013.12.034","article-title":"Reactive gliosis and the multicellular response to CNS damage and disease","volume":"81","author":"Burda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R12-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.07.014","article-title":"3D self-organized microvascular model of the human blood-brain barrier with endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes","volume":"180","author":"Campisi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R13-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-019-1716-9","article-title":"Microglia-derived TNF-\u03b1 mediates endothelial necroptosis aggravating blood brain\u2013barrier disruption after ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"R14-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13236","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13236","article-title":"miR-195 reduces age-related blood-brain barrier leakage caused by thrombospondin-1-mediated selective autophagy","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"R15-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00372","article-title":"Inhibition of connexin 43 hemichannels alleviates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury via the TLR4 signaling pathway","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R16-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007445","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier KCa3.1 channels: evidence for a role in brain Na uptake and edema in ischemic stroke","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R17-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-023-01170-4","article-title":"Brain-targeting emodin mitigates ischemic stroke via inhibiting AQP4-mediated swelling and neuroinflammation","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"R18-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1896","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1800165115","article-title":"Normal aging induces A1-like astrocyte reactivity","volume":"115","author":"Clarke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R19-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1789.2012.01322.x","article-title":"NG2 and NG2-positive cells delineate focal cerebral infarct demarcation in rats","volume":"33","author":"Claus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"R20-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2016.06.006","article-title":"Astrocytes: key regulators of neuroinflammation","volume":"37","author":"Colombo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Immunol"},{"key":"R21-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22489","article-title":"Overcoming neurite-inhibitory chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans in the astrocyte matrix","volume":"61","author":"Cua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R22-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.114.007145","article-title":"Deficiency of brain ATP-binding cassette transporter A-1 exacerbates blood-brain barrier and white matter damage after stroke","volume":"46","author":"Cui","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R23-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09513","article-title":"Pericytes are required for blood-brain barrier integrity during embryogenesis","volume":"468","author":"Daneman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R24-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2402","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01111-z","article-title":"HMGB1 induces hepcidin upregulation in astrocytes and causes an acute iron surge and subsequent ferroptosis in the postischemic brain","volume":"55","author":"Davaanyam","year":"2023","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"key":"R25-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07534","article-title":"Mitofusin 2 tethers endoplasmic reticulum to mitochondria","volume":"456","author":"de Brito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R26-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000105902.89459.09","article-title":"Expression, regulation, and function of IGF-1, IGF\u20131R, and IGF-1 binding proteins in blood vessels","volume":"24","author":"Delafontaine","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"R27-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.52436","article-title":"Ultrasound-mediated augmented exosome release from astrocytes alleviates amyloid-\u03b2-induced neurotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Deng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"R28-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43329","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M305835200","article-title":"Astrocyte protection of neurons: role of transforming growth factor-beta signaling via a c-Jun-AP-1 protective pathway","volume":"278","author":"Dhandapani","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R29-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jcbfm.9600229","article-title":"Effects of the chemokine CCL2 on blood-brain barrier permeability during ischemia-reperfusion injury","volume":"26","author":"Dimitrijevic","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R30-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4653","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-018-1396-y","article-title":"Astrocytes and the TGF-\u03b21 pathway in the healthy and diseased brain: a double-edged sword","volume":"56","author":"Diniz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R31-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4401803","article-title":"FGF-2 overexpression opposes the beta amyloid toxic injuries to the vascular endothelium","volume":"13","author":"Donnini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"R32-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8148","article-title":"NRF2 and hypoxia-inducible factors: key players in the redox control of systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"35","author":"Duarte","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"key":"R33-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-200103000-00002","article-title":"Dynamic imaging of cerebral blood flow using laser speckle","volume":"21","author":"Dunn","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R34-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cryobiol.2007.08.009","article-title":"The effect of moderate hypothermia in acute ischemic stroke on pericyte migration: an ultrastructural study","volume":"55","author":"Duz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cryobiology"},{"key":"R35-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2021.105080","article-title":"A1\/A2 astrocytes in central nervous system injuries and diseases: Angels or devils?","volume":"148","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"R36-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29745","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.45.29745","article-title":"The tight junction protein ZO-1 establishes a link between the transmembrane protein occludin and the actin cytoskeleton","volume":"273","author":"Fanning","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"R37-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.2174\/0113895575277359231210145922","article-title":"Ferroptosis is involved in the pharmacological effect of ginsenoside","volume":"24","author":"Feng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mini Rev Med Chem"},{"key":"R38-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125412","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2023.1125412","article-title":"Tetramethylpyrazine promotes stroke recovery by inducing the restoration of neurovascular unit and transformation of A1\/A2 reactive astrocytes","volume":"17","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R39-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.2001.2367","article-title":"Hypoxia-induced hyperpermeability in brain microvessel endothelial cells involves VEGF-mediated changes in the expression of zonula occludens-1","volume":"63","author":"Fischer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microvas Res"},{"key":"R40-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3275","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.113.000736","article-title":"Brain regulation of thrombosis and hemostasis: from theory to practice","volume":"44","author":"Fisher","year":"2013","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R41-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.129007","article-title":"Dexamethasone induces the expression of metalloproteinase inhibitor TIMP-1 in the murine cerebral vascular endothelial cell line cEND","volume":"580","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R42-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1937","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2007.146852","article-title":"Differential effects of hydrocortisone and TNFalpha on tight junction proteins in an in vitro model of the human blood-brain barrier","volume":"586","author":"F\u00f6rster","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R43-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15961","article-title":"Icariside II preconditioning evokes robust neuroprotection against ischaemic stroke, by targeting Nrf2 and the OXPHOS\/NF-\u03baB\/ferroptosis pathway","volume":"180","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brit pharmacol"},{"key":"R44-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-023-02110-y","article-title":"Pericyte-derived exosomal miR-210 improves mitochondrial function and inhibits lipid peroxidation in vascular endothelial cells after traumatic spinal cord injury by activating JAK1\/STAT3 signaling pathway","volume":"21","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nanobiotechnol"},{"key":"R45-20260421","first-page":"623","article-title":"Progression from ischemic injury to infarct following middle cerebral artery occlusion in the rat","volume":"142","author":"Garcia","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R46-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1486","article-title":"VEGF controls endothelial-cell permeability by promoting the beta-arrestin-dependent endocytosis of VE-cadherin","volume":"8","author":"Gavard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"R47-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.108.534503","article-title":"Temporal and spatial dynamics of cerebral immune cell accumulation in stroke","volume":"40","author":"Gelderblom","year":"2009","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R48-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000993","article-title":"Drug repurposing screen identifies Foxo1-dependent angiopoietin-2 regulation in sepsis","volume":"43","author":"Ghosh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R49-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1038\/15693","article-title":"Selective transfer of endogenous metabolites through gap junctions composed of different connexins","volume":"1","author":"Goldberg","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"R50-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.2002.2413","article-title":"Early pericyte response to brain hypoxia in cats: an ultrastructural study","volume":"64","author":"Gonul","year":"2002","journal-title":"Microvas Res"},{"key":"R51-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20537","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation of scar gene expression in primary astrocytes","volume":"55","author":"Gris","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R52-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23888","article-title":"Astroglial N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 protects the brain from cerebral edema induced by stroke","volume":"69","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R53-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.03.005","article-title":"Mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contacts in reactive astrocytes promote vascular remodeling","volume":"31","author":"G\u04e7bel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell metab"},{"key":"R54-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751304","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.751304","article-title":"Insulin-like growth factor-1 differentially modulates glutamate-induced toxicity and stress in cells of the neurogliovascular unit","volume":"13","author":"Hayes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R55-20260421","article-title":"Neuronal and astrocyte insulin-like growth factor-1 signaling differentially modulates ischemic stroke damage","author":"Hayes","year":"2023","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"R56-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1097\/00004647-199906000-00005","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases increase very early during experimental focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"19","author":"Heo","year":"1999","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R57-20260421","first-page":"587","article-title":"Changes in DNA repair enzymes in rat ventroposterior nucleus of the thalamus after cerebral cortex infarction","volume":"22","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"key":"R58-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1097\/01.LAB.0000018829.49754.DD","article-title":"Photocoagulation-induced retinal gliosis is inhibited by systemically expressed soluble TGF-beta receptor type II via adenovirus mediated gene transfer","volume":"82","author":"Hisatomi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"R59-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.118.020927","article-title":"Early blood-brain barrier disruption in ischemic stroke initiates multifocally around capillaries\/venules","volume":"49","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R60-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s12987-024-00510-2","article-title":"Oxygen glucose deprivation-pretreated astrocyte-derived exosomes attenuates intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH)-induced BBB disruption through miR-27a-3p \/ARHGAP25\/Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin axis","volume":"21","author":"Hou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fluids Barriers CNS"},{"key":"R61-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20453","article-title":"TNF-alpha\/IFN-gamma-induced iNOS expression increased by prostaglandin E2 in rat primary astrocytes via EP2-evoked cAMP\/PKA and intracellular calcium signaling","volume":"55","author":"Hsiao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R62-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.10.002","article-title":"Lentivirus-mediated transfer of MMP-9 shRNA provides neuroprotection following focal ischemic brain injury in rats","volume":"1367","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"R63-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.308427","article-title":"Cerebral vascular disease and neurovascular injury in ischemic stroke","volume":"120","author":"Hu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"key":"R64-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1121","article-title":"VEGF, a key factor for blood brain barrier injury after cerebral ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"R65-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2019.04.013","article-title":"miR-124 upregulates astrocytic glutamate transporter-1 via the Akt and mTOR signaling pathway post ischemic stroke","volume":"149","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Res Bull"},{"key":"R66-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3855698","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/3855698","article-title":"Edaravone dexborneol downregulates neutrophil extracellular trap expression and ameliorates blood-brain barrier permeability in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"2022","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediat Inflamm"},{"key":"R67-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.10.001","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier dysfunction and recovery after ischemic stroke","volume":"163-164","author":"Jiang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R68-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01784-7","article-title":"Exogenous activation of cannabinoid-2 receptor modulates TLR4\/MMP9 expression in a spinal cord ischemia reperfusion rat model","volume":"17","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R69-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1471","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23174","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived lipocalin-2 mediates hippocampal damage and cognitive deficits in experimental models of vascular dementia","volume":"65","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R70-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.03.003","article-title":"Stepwise recruitment of transcellular and paracellular pathways underlies blood-brain barrier breakdown in stroke","volume":"82","author":"Knowland","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R71-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2014.199","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown involves four distinct stages of vascular damage in various models of experimental focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"35","author":"Krueger","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R72-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.28.3.564","article-title":"A putative role for platelet-derived growth factor in angiogenesis and neuroprotection after ischemic stroke in humans","volume":"28","author":"Krupinski","year":"1997","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R73-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2024.06.002","article-title":"The impact of cytokines in neuroinflammation-mediated stroke","volume":"78","author":"Kumari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev"},{"key":"R74-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199702273360907","article-title":"Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Insulin-like growth factors","volume":"336","author":"Le Roith","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Eng J Med"},{"key":"R75-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2563","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.106.481515","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase-9 inhibition attenuates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced intracerebral hemorrhage","volume":"38","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R76-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-022-00390-x","article-title":"Function and therapeutic value of astrocytes in neurological diseases","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"R77-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24151","article-title":"Longitudinal intravital imaging of cerebral microinfarction reveals a dynamic astrocyte reaction leading to glial scar formation","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R78-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122868","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2024.122868","article-title":"Metal-organic framework-edaravone nanoparticles for radiotherapy-induced brain injury treatment","volume":"314","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R79-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2020.00703","article-title":"The multifaceted role of astrocyte connexin 43 in ischemic stroke through forming hemichannels and gap junctions","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R80-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X21666230718104634","article-title":"The relationship of astrocytes and microglia with different stages of ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"R81-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R82-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.06.006","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes: production, function, and therapeutic potential","volume":"46","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R83-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-018-1815-1","article-title":"Functional morphology of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease","volume":"135","author":"Liebner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R84-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573256","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.573256","article-title":"Protective functions of reactive astrocytes following central nervous system insult","volume":"11","author":"Linnerbauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R85-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02533-8","article-title":"Targeted BRD4 protein degradation by dBET1 ameliorates acute ischemic brain injury and improves functional outcomes associated with reduced neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and preservation of blood-brain barrier integrity","volume":"19","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"R86-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01024","article-title":"Interaction of microglia and astrocytes in the neurovascular unit","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R87-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01322","article-title":"A matrix metalloproteinase-responsive hydrogel system controls angiogenic peptide release for repair of cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R88-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2758","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-00568","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT signaling and neuroprotection in ischemic stroke: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R89-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2015.09.008","article-title":"Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke","volume":"144","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R90-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7355","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0115-20.2020","article-title":"Neuron-derived estrogen is critical for astrocyte activation and neuroprotection of the ischemic brain","volume":"40","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R91-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-019-00654-y","article-title":"Myosin IIA regulated tight junction in oxygen glucose-deprived brain endothelial cells via activation of TLR4\/PI3K\/Akt\/JNK1\/2\/14-3-3\u03b5\/NF-\u03baB\/MMP9 signal transduction pathway","volume":"39","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R92-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(03)00088-3","article-title":"Estrogen receptor alpha forms estrogen-dependent multimolecular complexes with insulin-like growth factor receptor and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in the adult rat brain","volume":"112","author":"Mendez","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain Res Mol Brain Res"},{"key":"R93-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2014.02.036","article-title":"Ectopic expression of human angiopoietin-1 promotes functional recovery and neurogenesis after focal cerebral ischemia","volume":"267","author":"Meng","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"R94-20260421","first-page":"391","article-title":"Fatal encephalopathy with astrocyte inclusions in GFAP transgenic mice","volume":"152","author":"Messing","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"R95-20260421","first-page":"ao41354","article-title":"Astrocyte regulation of cerebral blood flow in health and disease","volume":"16","author":"Mishra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol"},{"key":"R96-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00037-1","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes function as phagocytes after brain ischemia via ABCA1-mediated pathway","volume":"8","author":"Morizawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R97-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-019-0497-x","article-title":"Profiling the mouse brain endothelial transcriptome in health and disease models reveals a core blood-brain barrier dysfunction module","volume":"22","author":"Munji","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R98-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl165","article-title":"Essential protective roles of reactive astrocytes in traumatic brain injury","volume":"129","author":"Myer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R99-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2044","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.5712","article-title":"THC (\u03949\u2013Tetrahydrocannabinol) exerts neuroprotective effect in glutamate-affected murine primary mesencephalic cultures through restoring mitochondrial membrane potential and anti-apoptosis involving CB(1) receptor-dependent mechanism","volume":"30","author":"Nguyen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"R100-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1771","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.113.10.1771","article-title":"Tight junctions are membrane microdomains","volume":"113","author":"Nusrat","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"R101-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3407","article-title":"Development, maintenance and disruption of the blood-brain barrier","volume":"19","author":"Obermeier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R102-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108829","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.108829","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived small extracellular vesicles promote synapse formation via fibulin-2-mediated TGF-\u03b2 signaling","volume":"34","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R103-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.12.071","article-title":"The dual role of astrocyte activation and reactive gliosis","volume":"565","author":"Pekny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R104-20260421","first-page":"823525","article-title":"Regulation of cerebral blood flow","volume":"2011","author":"Peterson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int J Vasc Med"},{"key":"R105-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2015.03.006","article-title":"Sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling at the blood-brain barrier","volume":"21","author":"Prager","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Mol Med"},{"key":"R106-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2021.101335","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes: the nexus of pathological and clinical hallmarks of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"68","author":"Price","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"key":"R107-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22676","article-title":"Glial scar and immune cell involvement in tissue remodeling and repair following acute CNS injuries","volume":"62","author":"Raposo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R108-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20819","article-title":"Time course of aquaporin expression after transient focal cerebral ischemia in mice","volume":"83","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R109-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-014-0227-y","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 mediates neurogenesis and angiogenesis after cerebral ischaemia","volume":"12","author":"Rodriguez-Grande","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R110-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2013.224","article-title":"The acute-phase protein PTX3 is an essential mediator of glial scar formation and resolution of brain edema after ischemic injury","volume":"34","author":"Rodriguez-Grande","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R111-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2015.12.004","article-title":"Sonic Hedgehog regulates thymic epithelial cell differentiation","volume":"68","author":"Salda\u00f1a","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Autoimmun"},{"key":"R112-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2011.04.043","article-title":"Cerebral capillary endothelial cells are covered by the VEGF-expressing foot processes of astrocytes","volume":"497","author":"Saito","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R113-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R864","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00536.2007","article-title":"Astrocyte responses to injury: VEGF simultaneously modulates cell death and proliferation","volume":"295","author":"Schmid-Brunclik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol"},{"key":"R114-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1124\/pharmrev.120.000025","article-title":"ABCB1 and ABCG2 regulation at the blood-brain barrier: potential new targets to improve brain drug delivery","volume":"75","author":"Schulz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmacol Rev"},{"key":"R115-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaao2861","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aao2861","article-title":"Endothelial Dab1 signaling orchestrates neuro-glia-vessel communication in the central nervous system","volume":"361","author":"Segarra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R116-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(84)90099-6","article-title":"Comparison of the prostanoid synthesizing capacity in homogenates from primary neuronal and astroglial cell cultures","volume":"33","author":"Seregi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"R117-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3919","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e04-12-1089","article-title":"Actin depolymerization disrupts tight junctions via caveolae-mediated endocytosis","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"R118-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16021","article-title":"MMP-2-mediated Scube2 degradation promotes blood-brain barrier disruption by blocking the interaction between astrocytes and endothelial cells via inhibiting Sonic hedgehog pathway during early cerebral ischemia","volume":"168","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"R119-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10523","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10523","article-title":"Rapid endothelial cytoskeletal reorganization enables early blood-brain barrier disruption and long-term ischaemic reperfusion brain injury","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R120-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1094","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.115.012133","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived pentraxin 3 supports blood-brain barrier integrity under acute phase of stroke","volume":"47","author":"Shindo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R121-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-016-2866-z","article-title":"Orexin-A promotes Glu uptake by OX1R\/PKC\u03b1\/ERK1\/2\/GLT-1 pathway in astrocytes and protects co-cultured astrocytes and neurons against apoptosis in anoxia\/hypoglycemic injury in vitro","volume":"425","author":"Shu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Cell Biochem"},{"key":"R122-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-008-0688-3","article-title":"Endothelial transcytosis in health and disease","volume":"335","author":"Simionescu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res"},{"key":"R123-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2018.11.017","article-title":"NRF2 and NF-\u049bB interplay in cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disorders: molecular mechanisms and possible therapeutic approaches","volume":"21","author":"Sivandzade","year":"2019","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"R124-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101963","article-title":"Activation of endothelial Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling by protective astrocytes repairs BBB damage in ischemic stroke","volume":"199","author":"Song","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R125-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-022-02452-1","article-title":"Profiling the neurovascular unit unveils detrimental effects of osteopontin on the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"144","author":"Spitzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R126-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1646","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22383","article-title":"Loss of astrocyte polarization upon transient focal brain ischemia as a possible mechanism to counteract early edema formation","volume":"60","author":"Steiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R127-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1787","article-title":"Activation of PDGF-CC by tissue plasminogen activator impairs blood-brain barrier integrity during ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Su","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R128-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2016.08.001","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 as a therapeutic target for brain injury: an astrocentric perspective","volume":"144","author":"Suk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R129-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.4288","article-title":"Pericytes of the neurovascular unit: key functions and signaling pathways","volume":"19","author":"Sweeney","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R130-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"923","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb1752","article-title":"Endothelial adherens junctions control tight junctions by VE-cadherin-mediated upregulation of claudin-5","volume":"10","author":"Taddei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Cell Biol"},{"key":"R131-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3900-05.2006","article-title":"Antibodies against the NG2 proteoglycan promote the regeneration of sensory axons within the dorsal columns of the spinal cord","volume":"26","author":"Tan","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R132-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1007\/s10456-021-09796-4","article-title":"Pericyte hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) drives blood-brain barrier disruption and impacts acute ischemic stroke outcome","volume":"24","author":"Tsao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Angiogenesis"},{"key":"R133-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7727","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0587-16.2016","article-title":"Glutamate-mediated blood-brain barrier opening: implications for neuroprotection and drug delivery","volume":"36","author":"Vazana","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R134-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00042.2016","article-title":"Physiology of astroglia","volume":"98","author":"Verkhratsky","year":"2018","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"R135-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.1420","article-title":"What is acute ischemic stroke?","volume":"327","author":"Walter","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"R136-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0301-0082(83)90013-8","article-title":"Functional interactions between neurons and astrocytes. II. Potassium homeostasis at the cellular level","volume":"20","author":"Walz","year":"1983","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R137-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9030643","article-title":"HMGB1 translocation in neurons after ischemic insult: subcellular localization in mitochondria and peroxisomes","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"R138-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830569","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.830569","article-title":"Iron dyshomeostasis and ferroptosis: a new alzheimer\u2019s disease hypothesis?","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R139-20260421","first-page":"1637","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 released in response to cerebral ischaemia mediates reperfusion injury in mice","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Cell MolMed"},{"key":"R140-20260421","article-title":"Neutralization of lipocalin-2 diminishes stroke-reperfusion injury","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R141-20260421","first-page":"6317","article-title":"Systematic review of machine learning models for predicting functional recovery and prognosis in stroke","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zuzhi Gongchneg Yanjiu"},{"key":"R142-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.110125","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying astrocytic connexin-43 autophagy degradation during cerebral ischemia injury and the effect on neuroinflammation and cell apoptosis","volume":"127","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R143-20260421","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles for ischemic stroke: therapeutic potential and prospective","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"R144-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.70004","article-title":"A2 reactive astrocyte-derived exosomes alleviate cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury by delivering miR-628","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"R145-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2410889","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202410889","article-title":"Traditional chinese medicine borneol-based polymeric micelles intracerebral drug delivery system for precisely pathogenesis-adaptive treatment of ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"R146-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2121-13.2013","article-title":"Glial scar borders are formed by newly proliferated, elongated astrocytes that interact to corral inflammatory and fibrotic cells via STAT3-dependent mechanisms after spinal cord injury","volume":"33","author":"Wanner","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R147-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70117-6","article-title":"The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"13","author":"Ward","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R148-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116597","article-title":"The combination of Alisma and Atractylodes ameliorates cerebral ischaemia\/reperfusion injury by negatively regulating astrocyte-derived exosomal miR-200a-3p\/141-3p by targeting SIRT1","volume":"313","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Ethnopharmacol"},{"key":"R149-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1509047112","article-title":"Endothelial depletion of murine SRF\/MRTF provokes intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"112","author":"Weinl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R150-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109048","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109048","article-title":"Reactive astrocytes facilitate vascular repair and remodeling after stroke","volume":"35","author":"Williamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R151-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23827","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23827","article-title":"NDRG2 regulates glucose metabolism and ferroptosis of OGD\/R-treated astrocytes by the Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin signaling","volume":"38","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Biochem Mol Toxic"},{"key":"R152-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.39","article-title":"Connexin 43 stabilizes astrocytes in a stroke-like milieu to facilitate neuronal recovery","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol Sin"},{"key":"R153-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e68891","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0068891","article-title":"Recombinant human sonic hedgehog protein regulates the expression of ZO-1 and occludin by activating angiopoietin-1 in stroke damage","volume":"8","author":"Xia","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R154-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2024.03.019","article-title":"Edaravone dexborneol protects against cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion-induced blood-brain barrier damage by inhibiting ferroptosis via activation of nrf-2\/HO-1\/GPX4 signaling","volume":"217","author":"Xiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"key":"R155-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2025.123102","article-title":"Regulating astrocyte phenotype by Lcn2 inhibition toward ischemic stroke therapy","volume":"317","author":"Xiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"R156-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2013.02.046","article-title":"Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells decrease transforming growth factor \u03b21 expression in microglia\/macrophages and down-regulate plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 expression in astrocytes after stroke","volume":"542","author":"Xin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R157-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1136\/svn-2018-000198","article-title":"Basement membrane and blood-brain barrier","volume":"4","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Stroke Vasc Neurol"},{"key":"R158-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.25.8.1658","article-title":"Reperfusion-induced injury to the blood-brain barrier after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats","volume":"25","author":"Yang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R159-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00889-0","article-title":"Sirt3 protects against ischemic stroke injury by regulating HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF signaling and blood-brain barrier integrity","volume":"41","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R160-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3323","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.110.608257","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in acute and chronic cerebrovascular disease","volume":"42","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R161-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-008-0364-4","article-title":"Decreased junctional adhesion molecule-A expression during blood-brain barrier breakdown","volume":"115","author":"Yeung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R162-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-022-05043-w","article-title":"Astrocyte-derived hepcidin controls iron traffic at the blood-brain-barrier via regulating ferroportin 1 of microvascular endothelial cells","volume":"13","author":"You","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"R163-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666790","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.666790","article-title":"Synergic neuroprotection between ligusticum chuanxiong hort and borneol against ischemic stroke by neurogenesis via modulating reactive astrogliosis and maintaining the blood-brain barrier","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R164-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-011-9584-5","article-title":"Recombinant human angiopoietin-1 ameliorates the expressions of ZO-1, occludin, VE-cadherin, and PKC\u03b1 signaling after focal cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion in rats","volume":"46","author":"Yu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Mol Neurosci: MN"},{"key":"R165-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119715","article-title":"Resveratrol-mediated neurorestoration after cerebral ischemic injury -Sonic Hedgehog signaling pathway","volume":"280","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"R166-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.324858","article-title":"M1-type microglia can induce astrocytes to deposit chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan after spinal cord injury","volume":"17","author":"Yu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R167-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-021-00808-w","article-title":"Exosomes: the key of sophisticated cell-cell communication and targeted metastasis in pancreatic cancer","volume":"20","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Cell Commun Signal"},{"key":"R168-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594170","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.594170","article-title":"Development of neuroregenerative gene therapy to reverse glial scar tissue back to neuron-enriched tissue","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R169-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2021.1029","article-title":"Blocking C3d(+)\/GFAP(+) A1 astrocyte conversion with semaglutide attenuates blood-brain barrier disruption in mice after ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aging Dis"},{"key":"R170-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.155530","article-title":"Notoginsenoside R1 alleviates cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion injury by inhibiting the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway through microbiota-gut-brain axis","volume":"128","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"R171-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-020-00346-3","article-title":"Hepcidin overexpression in astrocytes alters brain iron metabolism and protects against amyloid-\u03b2 induced brain damage in mice","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov"},{"key":"R172-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2018.00518","article-title":"Ginkgo biloba extract inhibits astrocytic lipocalin-2 expression and alleviates neuroinflammatory injury via the JAK2\/STAT3 pathway after ischemic brain stroke","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R173-20260421","first-page":"100886","article-title":"Edaravone-loaded poly amino acid) nanogel inhibits ferroptosis for neuroprotection in cerebral ischemia injury","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Asian J Pharm Sci"},{"key":"R174-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1387","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinases in delayed cortical responses after stroke","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R175-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000253500.32979.d1","article-title":"Neurovascular proteases in brain injury, hemorrhage and remodeling after stroke","volume":"38","author":"Zhao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R176-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2021.1981106","article-title":"The Shh\/Gli1 signaling pathway regulates regeneration via transcription factor Olig1 expression after focal cerebral ischemia in rats","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol res"},{"key":"R177-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1556-7","article-title":"Lipocalin-2 may produce damaging effect after cerebral ischemia by inducing astrocytes classical activation","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"R178-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-23-01385","article-title":"T cell interactions with microglia in immune-inflammatory processes of ischemic stroke","volume":"20","author":"Zheng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R179-20260421","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2318","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.285001","article-title":"Pentraxin 3 contributes to neurogenesis after traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T13:26:16Z","timestamp":1787837176000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-24-01417"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":179,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-24-01417","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-11-13","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-02-07","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}