{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T01:58:36Z","timestamp":1793066316797,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":200,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0 http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Poststroke cognitive impairment is a common neurological complication in stroke patients, characterized by progressive cognitive decline ranging from mild cognitive impairment to vascular dementia, significantly impacting patients\u2019 quality of life and long-term prognosis. Recent studies have gradually unveiled the multidimensional pathophysiological mechanisms underlying post-stroke cognitive impairment. This review provides a detailed introduction to the mechanisms and biomarkers of poststroke cognitive impairment. At the molecular level, the development of poststroke cognitive impairment involves multi-level and interconnected pathophysiological changes. Among these, the activation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress damage are considered key initiating factors. Concurrently, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species induced by oxidative stress can further promote the occurrence of poststroke cognitive impairment. Increased blood\u2013brain barrier permeability, along with the infiltration of peripheral inflammatory cells and the entry of toxic substances into the brain, exacerbates neural damage. In terms of neurotransmitter systems, the imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter systems directly affects synaptic plasticity and the integration of neural networks. Structurally, the integrity of white matter microstructure is compromised, manifesting as myelin loss and axonal transport impairment. These multi-level pathological changes interact through complex positive feedback mechanisms, collectively forming the pathogenic network of poststroke cognitive impairment. In the field of biomarker research, a six-dimensional classification system for post-stroke cognitive impairment biomarkers has been reported, systematically categorizing relevant biomarkers into metabolic markers, inflammatory factor profiles, genetic markers, blood\u2013brain barrier damage indicators, gut microbiota characteristics, and neuroimaging biomarkers. Notably, the integrated predictive model developed by combining serum biomarkers with multimodal neuroimaging features significantly enhances the diagnostic specificity of poststroke cognitive impairment biomarkers. This multidimensional and systematic research approach provides new perspectives for the in-depth analysis of the pathogenesis of poststroke cognitive impairment biomarkers and offers important targets for early clinical intervention. In the future, it is hoped that dynamic monitoring of the temporal changes in these biomarkers can more accurately assess the effectiveness of interventions and guide the optimization and adjustment of treatment plans. Based on risk assessment results, a tiered management approach should be implemented: high-risk patients should undergo cognitive assessments and biomarker testing every three months, while moderate-to-low-risk patients should follow a stepwise monitoring protocol. This precision management model can predict the risk of cognitive decline up to 6\u201312 months in advance, enabling timely interventions to reduce the incidence of severe cognitive impairment. Mechanistic studies and biomarker discovery for poststroke cognitive impairment have brought breakthrough progress to clinical diagnosis and treatment. Future research should continue to explore its molecular mechanisms, develop more effective targeted therapeutic drugs, establish a comprehensive early warning and personalized treatment system, and ultimately achieve precise prevention, control, and optimized management of poststroke cognitive impairment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-00674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:00:17Z","timestamp":1770008417000},"page":"4642-4652","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mechanisms and biomarkers of poststroke cognitive impairment"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Mengxia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manqing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical College of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"},{"name":"Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"},{"name":"Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanghang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"},{"name":"Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fangfang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5823-3657","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Moxin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"},{"name":"Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7121-7077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"},{"name":"Jiujiang Clinical Precision Medicine Research Center, Jiujiang, Jiangxi Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856919","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.856919","article-title":"Longitudinal brain changes after stroke and the association with cognitive decline","volume":"13","author":"Aamodt","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R2-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11481-5","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities are an independent predictor of cognitive decline 3 years following first-ever stroke-results from the PROSCIS-B study","volume":"270","author":"Ali","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R3-20260803","first-page":"10","article-title":"Axonal regeneration: underlying molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets","author":"Akram","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"R4-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16288","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms242216288","article-title":"Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: mechanisms and targeted strategies","volume":"24","author":"Alkhalifa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R5-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527323666230912090856","article-title":"Role of BDNF signaling in the neuroprotective and mmory-enhancing effects of flavonoids in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Amidfar","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurol Disord Drug Targets"},{"key":"R6-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1869","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031869","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neuroinflammation in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease progression","volume":"24","author":"Andronie-Cioara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R7-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1201","DOI":"10.1159\/000522381","article-title":"Is there any link between cognitive impairment and gut microbiota? A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Angoorani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gerontology"},{"key":"R8-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241246156","article-title":"Predicting post-stroke cognitive impairment using electronic health record data","volume":"19","author":"Ashburner","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R9-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930211045836","article-title":"Predicting post-stroke cognitive impairment using acute CT neuroimaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Ball","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R10-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13030464","article-title":"Association between systemic immune inflammation index and cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"13","author":"Bao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"R11-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2024.07.010","article-title":"Autoimmune inflammation triggers aberrant astrocytic calcium signaling to impair synaptic plasticity","volume":"121","author":"Baraibar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R12-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00746-3","article-title":"Texture features of magnetic resonance images: an early marker of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"11","author":"Betrouni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"R13-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.2337\/dc19-0783","article-title":"Effect of linagliptin on cognitive performance in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiorenal comorbidities: the carmelina randomized trial","volume":"42","author":"Biessels","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"R14-20260803","first-page":"3603","article-title":"Exploration of the severity of hpatic encephalopathy deterioration process through dynamics of the EEG band power time series","volume":"2022","author":"Braverman-Jaiven","year":"2022","journal-title":"Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc"},{"key":"R15-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.036946","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, stroke, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, and imaging modalities","volume":"53","author":"Candelario-Jalil","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R16-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e919586","DOI":"10.12659\/MSM.919586","article-title":"Changes in serum amyloid A (SAA) and 8-OHdG in patients with senile early cognitive impairment","volume":"26","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med Sci Monit"},{"key":"R17-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-018-9089-z","article-title":"Biological and imaging predictors of cognitive impairment after stroke: a systematic review","volume":"266","author":"Casolla","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R18-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106418","article-title":"Classification of mild cognitive impairment based on handwriting dynamics and qEEG","volume":"152","author":"Chai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"key":"R19-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044698","article-title":"High-serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are associated with decreased risk of poststroke cognitive impairment","volume":"55","author":"Chang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R20-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.2174\/0115672026368528250113080256","article-title":"Plasma osteoprotegerin and cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Neurovasc Res"},{"key":"R21-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215376","article-title":"Association between plasma L-carnitine and cognitive impairment in patients with acute ischemic stroke","volume":"86","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R22-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16312","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-67580-y","article-title":"Association between the serum uric acid\/serum creatinine ratio and cognitive function in older adults: NHANES in the United States","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R23-20260803","first-page":"6448","article-title":"Research on changes in cognitive function, \u03b2-amyloid peptide and neurotrophic factor in stroke patients","volume":"22","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"R24-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06267-6","article-title":"Serum TG\/HDL-C level at the acute phase of ischemic stroke is associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"43","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R25-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123817","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2023.1123817","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment and synaptic plasticity: A review about the mechanisms and Chinese herbal drugs strategies","volume":"17","author":"Chi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R26-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3372","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.3372","article-title":"Prediction of poststroke cognitive impairment based on the systemic inflammatory response index","volume":"14","author":"Chu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"R27-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241252530","article-title":"Strategic white matter hyperintensity locations associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment: a multicenter study in 1568 stroke patients","volume":"19","author":"Coenen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R28-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-020-00421-4","article-title":"Increased serum QUIN\/KYNA is a reliable biomarker of post-stroke cognitive decline","volume":"16","author":"Cogo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"R29-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2024.108023","article-title":"MORePREcISE: Longitudinal patient reported outcome measures in stroke at 3 and 6 months","volume":"33","author":"Corrigan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R30-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3021","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.044297","article-title":"White matter hyperintensity volume and poststroke cognition: an individual patient data pooled analysis of 9 ischemic stroke cohort studies","volume":"54","author":"de Kort","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R31-20260803","first-page":"519","article-title":"Expert consensus on the management of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"12","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin J Stroke"},{"key":"R32-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2022.08.052","article-title":"Plasma neuropeptide Y and cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"317","author":"Dong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R33-20260803","first-page":"131","article-title":"Functional connectivity and MRI radiomics biomarkers of cognitive and brain reserve in post-stroke cognitive impairment prediction-a study protocol","volume":"15","author":"Drago\u0219","year":"2025","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"R34-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-01975-7","article-title":"Plasma proteins related to inflammatory diet predict future cognitive impairment","volume":"28","author":"Duggan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"R35-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810297","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.810297","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of DL-3-n-butylphthalide in the treatment of poststroke cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R36-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01709","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1709","article-title":"Reduced thiamine is a predictor for cognitive impairment of cerebral infarction","volume":"10","author":"Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"R37-20260803","first-page":"966","article-title":"Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"52","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"R38-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e31","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(23)00217-9","article-title":"Risk factors for cognitive impairment and dementia after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Filler","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"key":"R39-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1177\/17474930241238637","article-title":"Post-stroke cognitive impairment remains highly prevalent and disabling despite state-of-the-art stroke treatment","volume":"19","author":"Gallucci","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Stroke"},{"key":"R40-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8652741","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/8652741","article-title":"Dl-3-n-butylphthalide improves neuroinflammation in mice with repeated cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury through the Nrf2-nediated antioxidant response and TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"2022","author":"Gao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"R41-20260803","first-page":"403","article-title":"Sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, improves recognition memory, oxidative stress and hippocampal neurogenesis and upregulates key genes involved in cognitive decline","volume":"17","author":"Gault","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes ObesMetab"},{"key":"R42-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7470","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15369","article-title":"Serum tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 and risk of cognitive impairment after acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"24","author":"Ge","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Cell Mol Med"},{"key":"R43-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637363","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.637363","article-title":"Nomogram to predict cognitive dysfunction after a minor ischemic stroke in hospitalized-population","volume":"13","author":"Gong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R44-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-019-00755-2","article-title":"From stroke to dementia: a comprehensive review exposing tight interactions between stroke and amyloid-\u03b2 formation","volume":"11","author":"Goulay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"R45-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-025-01545-6","article-title":"Neuroprotective effects of L-carnitine towards oxidative stress and inflammatory processes: a review of its importance as a therapeutic drug in some disorders","volume":"40","author":"Guerreiro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"R46-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.4103\/1673-5374.268928","article-title":"Serum cystatin C levels are negatively correlated with post-stroke cognitive dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R47-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949763","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.949763","article-title":"White matter hyperintensities volume and cognition: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R48-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2220","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000237236.88823.47","article-title":"National institute of neurological disorders and stroke-canadian stroke network vascular cognitive impairment harmonization standards","volume":"37","author":"Hachinski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R49-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2159","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.10.2159-a","article-title":"Vascular dementia","volume":"43","author":"Hachinski","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R50-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.3390\/s23041900","article-title":"Multi modal feature extraction for classification of vascular dementia in post-stroke patients based on EEG signal","volume":"23","author":"Hadiyoso","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"R51-20260803","first-page":"45","article-title":"Predictors for favorable cognitive outcome post-stroke: a-seven-year follow-up study","volume":"48","author":"Hagberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dement GeriatrCognDisord"},{"key":"R52-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2013.08.095","article-title":"Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio as a predictor of cognitive dysfunction in carotid endarterectomy patients","volume":"59","author":"Halazun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"key":"R53-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968320902127","article-title":"BDNF met allele Is associated with lower cognitive function in poststroke rehabilitation","volume":"34","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"key":"R54-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pathophys.2018.08.003","article-title":"Peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor is reduced in stroke survivors with cognitive impairment","volume":"25","author":"Hassan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathophysiology"},{"key":"R55-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5578850","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5578850","article-title":"Serum level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and thrombotic type are predictive of cognitive impairment in the acute period of ischemic strokes patients","volume":"2023","author":"Havlovska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Res Int"},{"key":"R56-20260803","first-page":"100687","article-title":"Incidence of post-stroke cognitive impairment in patients with first-ever ischemic stroke: a multicenter cross-sectional study in China","volume":"33","author":"He","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health West Pac"},{"key":"R57-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X21990980","article-title":"White matter network damage mediates association between cerebrovascular disease and cognition","volume":"41","author":"Hilal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R58-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-020-03161-5","article-title":"High-frequency rTMS improves cognitive function by regulating synaptic plasticity in cerebral ischemic rats","volume":"46","author":"Hong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"R59-20260803","first-page":"19","article-title":"Non-invasive transcranial electrical brain stimulation guided by functional near-infrared spectroscopy for targeted neuromodulation: a review","author":"Hong","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neural Eng"},{"key":"R60-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2019.104352","article-title":"Serum retinoic acid level and the risk of poststroke cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"28","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R61-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci12040482","article-title":"Association between changes in white matter microstructure and cognitive impairment in white matter lesions","volume":"12","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"R62-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-01985-0","article-title":"Investigation of reactive astrogliosis effect on post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R63-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735063","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2021.735063","article-title":"Neurodegeneration and vascular burden on cognition after midlife: a plasma and neuroimaging biomarker study","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Hum Neurosci"},{"key":"R64-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15333175211016185","DOI":"10.1177\/15333175211016185","article-title":"The role of cilostazol and inflammation in cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen"},{"key":"R65-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889101","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.889101","article-title":"Plasma phosphorylated-tau181 is a predictor of post-stroke cognitive impairment: a longitudinal study","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R66-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.01.028","article-title":"Serum miR-132 is a risk marker of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"615","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R67-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706765","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.706765","article-title":"Identification of gut microbiome signatures in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment and affective disorder","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R68-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2731","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.05.047","article-title":"C-reactive protein and T3: new prognostic factors in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"27","author":"Irimie","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R69-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-03068-7","article-title":"Association between post-stroke cognitive impairment and gut microbiota in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"15","author":"Jeng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R70-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archger.2020.104104","article-title":"Elevated serum alkaline phosphatase as a predictor of cognitive impairment in patients with acute ischaemic stroke: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"89","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"R71-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.05.008","article-title":"Relationship between baseline haemoglobin content and poststroke cognitive impairment","volume":"101","author":"Jia","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R72-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2466982","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2466982","article-title":"Plasma neurofilament light chain is associated with cognitive impairment after posterior circulation stroke","volume":"2022","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Evid Based Complement Alternat Med"},{"key":"R73-20260803","first-page":"207","article-title":"LACC1 contributes to inflammation and cognitive disorder after stroke via the AMPK\/NLRP3 pathway","volume":"82","author":"Jiao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars)"},{"key":"R74-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114054","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114054","article-title":"Cordycepin improved neuronal synaptic plasticity through CREB-induced NGF upregulation driven by MG-M2 polarization: a microglia-neuron symphony in AD","volume":"157","author":"Jiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"R75-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-150736","article-title":"Cognitive impairment after mild stroke: development and validation of the SIGNAL2 risk score","volume":"49","author":"Kandiah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R76-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2856","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X211020860","article-title":"Long-term monitoring of chronic demyelination and remyelination in a rat ischemic stroke model using macromolecular proton fraction mapping","volume":"41","author":"Khodanovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R77-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.03.011","article-title":"AIM2 inflammasome contributes to brain injury and chronic post-stroke cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"87","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav Immun"},{"key":"R78-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227820","article-title":"Effect of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors on post-stroke cognitive impairment and vascular dementia: a meta-analysis","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R79-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-022-01107-3","article-title":"Plasma adiponectin levels predict cognitive decline and cortical thinning in mild cognitive impairment with beta-amyloid pathology","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"R80-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neures.2022.09.007","article-title":"Astrocytes regulate neuronal network activity by mediating synapse remodeling","volume":"187","author":"Kim","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R81-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2117","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24383","article-title":"Microglia modulate TNF\u03b1-mediated synaptic plasticity","volume":"71","author":"Kleidonas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R82-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2021.106576","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2, 9S-, 13S\u2013HODE and resolvin D1 are strongly associated with the post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"156","author":"Kotl\u0119ga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat"},{"key":"R83-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6500","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18126500","article-title":"Free fatty acids are associated with the cognitive functions in stroke survivors","volume":"18","author":"Kotl\u0119ga","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"R84-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines12030608","article-title":"The importance of increased serum GFAP and UCH-L1 levels in distinguishing large vessel from small vessel occlusion in acute ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Kraljevi\u0107","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"key":"R85-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2020.02.016","article-title":"Early increment of soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 in plasma might be a predictor of poor outcome after ischemic stroke","volume":"73","author":"Kwon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R86-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.001","article-title":"NAD(+) in brain aging and neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"30","author":"Lautrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R87-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693318","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.693318","article-title":"High neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio predicts post-stroke cognitive impairment in acute ischemic stroke patients","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R88-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14744","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.14744","article-title":"Current evidence of synaptic dysfunction after stroke: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R89-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-82571-9","article-title":"Curcumin reverses cognitive deficits through promoting neurogenesis and synapse plasticity via the upregulation of PSD95 and BDNF in mice","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R90-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00132-5","article-title":"Incidence, outcome, risk factors, and long-term prognosis of cryptogenic transient ischaemic attack and ischaemic stroke: a population-based study","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"R91-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.2478\/jtim-2021-0035","article-title":"Relationship between homocysteine levels and post-stroke cognitive impairment in female and male population: from a prospective multicenter study","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Transl Int Med"},{"key":"R92-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S393624","article-title":"Correlation between cognitive impairment and homocysteine and S100B protein in patients with progressive ischemic stroke","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R93-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2024.05.004","article-title":"Adiponectin","volume":"35","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"R94-20260803","first-page":"857","article-title":"Correlations between gut microbiota changes and cognitive function in patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment in the early stage","volume":"53","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban"},{"key":"R95-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.38.3.5204","article-title":"Predictive value of serum adiponectin and hemoglobin levels for vascular cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pak J Med Sci"},{"key":"R96-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580722","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1580722","article-title":"Serum uric acid to creatinine ratio in patients with early-onset post-stroke cognitive impairment: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"17","author":"Liao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R97-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511562","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2020.511562","article-title":"Gut microbiome signatures are biomarkers for cognitive impairment in patients with ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Ling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R98-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X241235008","article-title":"Hemorrhagic stroke-induced subtype of inflammatory reactive astrocytes disrupts blood-brain barrier","volume":"44","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Cereb Blood Flow Metab"},{"key":"R99-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S300893","article-title":"Association between serum uric acid levels and cognitive function in patients with ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA): a 3-month follow-up study","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R100-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-022-00326-4","article-title":"Telomere and mitochondria mediated the association between dietary inflammatory index and mild cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"R101-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s12975-024-01241-0","article-title":"Experimental ischemic stroke induces secondary bihemispheric white matter degeneration and long-term cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transl Stroke Res"},{"key":"R102-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-191066","article-title":"The association of post-stroke cognitive impairment and gut microbiota and its corresponding metabolites","volume":"73","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R103-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552956","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1552956","article-title":"Relationship between the hemoglobin-to-red cell distribution width ratio and post-stroke cognitive impairment: a prospective study","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R104-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17309","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.17309","article-title":"Circulating HMGB1 in acute ischemic stroke and its association with post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"R105-20260803","first-page":"37","article-title":"The significance of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels in cognitive impairment among first-ever acute ischaemic stroke patients","volume":"33","author":"Loga-Andriji\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"R106-20260803","first-page":"1287","article-title":"Analysis of serum inflammatory markers in cognitive impairment among acute ischaemic stroke patients","volume":"33","author":"Loga-Andriji\u0107","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatr Danub"},{"key":"R107-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1186\/s13287-022-02995-w","article-title":"Exosomal miR-132-3p from mesenchymal stromal cells improves synaptic dysfunction and cognitive decline in vascular dementia","volume":"13","author":"Ma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res Ther"},{"key":"R108-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3207","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02530-5","article-title":"Effects of Dl-3-n-butylphthalide on cognitive functions and blood-brain barrier in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion rats","volume":"396","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"NaunynSchmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol"},{"key":"R109-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i1.76","article-title":"Relationship between \u03b2-amyloid protein 1-42, thyroid hormone levels and the risk of cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke","volume":"8","author":"Mao","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J Clin Cases"},{"key":"R110-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24513","article-title":"Transient demyelination causes long-term cognitive impairment, myelin alteration and network synchrony defects","volume":"72","author":"Mercier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R111-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S320167","article-title":"Methylation of the RIN3 promoter is associated with transient ischemic stroke\/mild ischemic stroke with early cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R112-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S421830","article-title":"Correlation between MMP9 promoter methylation and transient ischemic attack\/mild ischemic stroke with early cognitive impairment","volume":"18","author":"Miao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Interv Aging"},{"key":"R113-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2023.103487","article-title":"Hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) and drug discovery in the context of Alzheimer\u2019s disease and related tauopathies","volume":"28","author":"Moore","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"R114-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13030570","article-title":"Relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cognitive decline in patients with mild cognitive impairment and dementia","volume":"13","author":"Nikolac Perkovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomolecules"},{"key":"R115-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105316","article-title":"Low-level inhibition of GABAergic synapses enhances gene expressions crucial for neuronal plasticity in the hippocampus after ischemic stroke","volume":"29","author":"Okamura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R116-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1788","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.121.036800","article-title":"Gut microbiota and their metabolites in stroke: a double-edged sword","volume":"53","author":"Peh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R117-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3839","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.3839","article-title":"Slower EEG alpha generation, synchronization and \u201cflow\u201d-possible biomarkers of cognitive impairment and neuropathology of minor stroke","volume":"5","author":"Petrovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Peer J"},{"key":"R118-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0239370","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239370","article-title":"Higher level of acute serum VEGF and larger infarct volume are more frequently associated with post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Prodjohardjono","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R119-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.09.002","article-title":"Predictive value of serum matrix metalloproteinase 9 combined with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 for post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"105","author":"Pu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R120-20260803","first-page":"64","article-title":"Combined transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal relevant myelin features in mice with ischemic stroke","volume":"25","author":"Qian","year":"2025","journal-title":"FunctIntegr Genomics"},{"key":"R121-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13556","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-96952-1","article-title":"Serum neurofilament heavy chain predicts post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"15","author":"Qiao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R122-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9943250","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/9943250","article-title":"Adiponectin levels are associated with white matter lesions (WMLs) and cognitive impairment","volume":"2022","author":"Quan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"R123-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"I","DOI":"10.1177\/23969873211042192","article-title":"European stroke organisation and european academy of neurology joint guidelines on post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"6","author":"Quinn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Stroke J"},{"key":"R124-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1159\/000507806","article-title":"Serum uric acid and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein as predictors of cognitive impairment in patients with cerebral infarction","volume":"49","author":"Ran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord"},{"key":"R125-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2020.1830774","article-title":"BDNF (rs6265) Val < Met polymorphism can buffer cognitive functions against post stroke CT\/MRI pathological findings","volume":"29","author":"Rezaei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Appl Neuropsychol Adult"},{"key":"R126-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awad308","article-title":"White matter tracts and executive functions: a review of causal and correlation evidence","volume":"147","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R127-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1177\/0891988710373598","article-title":"The relationship between inflammatory markers and post stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"23","author":"Rothenburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol"},{"key":"R128-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-025-00972-4","article-title":"Network dynamics in post-stroke cognitive impairment: insights from effective connectivity analysis","volume":"19","author":"Ruan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav"},{"key":"R129-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1007\/s12017-023-08761-2","article-title":"Genetic variations and altered blood mRNA level of circadian genes and BDNF as risk factors of post-stroke cognitive impairment among eastern indians","volume":"25","author":"Sadhukhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuromolecular Med"},{"key":"R130-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1159\/000513916","article-title":"Severity of small vessel disease biomarkers reduces the magnitude of cognitive recovery after ischemic stroke","volume":"50","author":"Sagnier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R131-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0298000","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0298000","article-title":"Intervention and assessment of executive dysfunction in patients with stroke: a scoping review","volume":"19","author":"Sakai","year":"2024","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R132-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.041965","article-title":"Plasma inflammatory biomarkers are associated with poststroke cognitive impairment: the nor-const study","volume":"54","author":"Sandvig","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R133-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2024.103711","article-title":"White matter integrity and cognitive performance in the subacute phase after ischemic stroke in young adults","volume":"45","author":"Schellekens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin"},{"key":"R134-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2171","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S435006","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in post-stroke depression: a prospective ischemic stroke cohort","volume":"19","author":"Shan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R135-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546270","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1546270","article-title":"High serum glial fibrillary acidic protein levels are associated with increased risk of post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"17","author":"Shan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R136-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907486","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.907486","article-title":"High neutrophil percentage and neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in acute phase of ischemic stroke predict cognitive impairment: a single-center retrospective study in China","volume":"13","author":"Shang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R137-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvad018","article-title":"Plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein in the alzheimer disease continuum: relationship to other biomarkers, differential diagnosis, and prediction of clinical progression","volume":"69","author":"Shen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"key":"R138-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108503","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2024.108503","article-title":"Correlation between Non-HDL-C\/HDL-C and A\u03b21\u201342 levels in cerebral infarction-related cognitive dysfunction","volume":"245","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Neurol Neurosurg"},{"key":"R139-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr4079","article-title":"Serum uric acid, serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio and serum bilirubin in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Songsomboon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"key":"R140-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12849","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69831-0","article-title":"Lipoxins, RevD1 and 9, 13 HODE as the most important derivatives after an early incident of ischemic stroke","volume":"10","author":"Szczuko","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R141-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2652","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.123.043516","article-title":"Ipsilesional hippocampal GABA is elevated and correlates with cognitive impairment and maladaptive neurogenesis after cortical stroke in mice","volume":"54","author":"Torres-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R142-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint15010016","article-title":"Leukoaraiosis as a predictor of depression and cognitive impairment among stroke survivors: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Tziaka","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"key":"R143-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.14789\/jmj.JMJ23-0025-R","article-title":"Mechanism of post-stroke axonal outgrowth and functional recovery","volume":"69","author":"Ueno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Juntendo Iji Zasshi"},{"key":"R144-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40035-021-00278-7","article-title":"Excitotoxicity, calcium and mitochondria: a triad in synaptic neurodegeneration","volume":"11","author":"Verma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl Neurodegener"},{"key":"R145-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2023.1871","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of butylphthalide in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"key":"R146-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.003","article-title":"BDNF signaling in context: from synaptic regulation to psychiatric disorders","volume":"185","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R147-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105460","article-title":"Association between small vessel disease markers, medial temporal lobe atrophy and cognitive impairment after stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R148-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02435-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota is causally associated with poststroke cognitive impairment through lipopolysaccharide and butyrate","volume":"19","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R149-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10143-020-01256-9","article-title":"The potential predictive value of salivary cortisol on the occurrence of secondary cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke","volume":"44","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurosurg Rev"},{"key":"R150-20260803","first-page":"376","article-title":"Expert consensus on post-stroke cognitive impairment management 2021","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zhongguo Cuzhong Zazhi"},{"key":"R151-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1080\/01616412.2023.2176632","article-title":"Association between plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide and cognitive impairment in patients with transient ischemic attack","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Res"},{"key":"R152-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.8392","article-title":"Ginsenoside Rb3 promotes Opa1-mediated regenerative neurogenesis via activating the Ido1 pathway in ischemic stroke","volume":"39","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytother Res"},{"key":"R153-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-023-02375-y","article-title":"High-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with lowered cognitive recovery among acute ischemic stroke patients with mild cognitive impairment","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"R154-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14122417","article-title":"Association of dietary inflammatory potential with blood inflammation: the prospective markers on mild cognitive impairment","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"R155-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S348409","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as predictor of one-year cognitive function after ischemic stroke or TIA","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R156-20260803","first-page":"1330","article-title":"Relationship between prognostic nutritional index and post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"27","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"NutrNeurosci"},{"key":"R157-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631738","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2021.631738","article-title":"Plasma neurofilament light Chain as a predictive biomarker for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a prospective cohort study","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R158-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/00207454.2020.1849192","article-title":"Levels of non-high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol are positively correlated with the risk of cognitive impairment in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage stroke","volume":"132","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Neurosci"},{"key":"R159-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-024-00793-z","article-title":"Effectiveness of DL-3-n-butylphthalide in the treatment of poststroke cognitive impairment and its associated predictive cytokines: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"R160-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00215","article-title":"MicroRNA Let-7i is a promising serum biomarker for post-stroke cognitive impairment and alleviated OGD-induced cell damage in vitro by regulating Bcl-2","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"R161-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e98","DOI":"10.1161\/STR.0000000000000098","article-title":"Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association\/American Stroke Association","volume":"47","author":"Winstein","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R162-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02964-x","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, memory, and depression: new approaches to hippocampal neurogenesis","volume":"20","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R163-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.21037\/apm.2019.12.05","article-title":"Plasma parameters and risk factors of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Palliat Med"},{"key":"R164-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S507156","article-title":"Potential inflammatory biomarkers and differential gut microbiota in cognitive impairment after ischemic stroke","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"},{"key":"R165-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s11658-024-00595-5","article-title":"Impaired synaptic plasticity and decreased glutamatergic neuron excitability induced by SIRT1\/BDNF downregulation in the hippocampal CA1 region are involved in postoperative cognitive dysfunction","volume":"29","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Mol Biol Lett"},{"key":"R166-20260803","first-page":"767","article-title":"Mechanism research progress of acupuncture for regulating axon regeneration after stroke","volume":"49","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"R167-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12031128","article-title":"Systemic immune inflammation index (SII), system inflammation response index (SIRI) and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality: a 20-year follow-up cohort study of 42,875 US adults","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"R168-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16296","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.16296","article-title":"Lower serum uric acid to serum creatinine ratio as a predictor of poor functional outcome after mechanical thrombectomy in acute ischaemic stroke","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"R169-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-023-03158-x","article-title":"Nonlinear relationship between glycated hemoglobin and cognitive impairment after acute mild ischemic stroke","volume":"23","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"key":"R170-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e21072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e21072","article-title":"Elevated serum uric acid is associated with cognitive impairment in acute minor ischemic stroke patients","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R171-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2022.10.004","article-title":"Lactate dehydrogenase-to albumin ratio (LAR) is associated with early-onset cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"106","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"R172-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-022-06414-z","article-title":"The HALP (hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet) score is associated with early-onset post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"44","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R173-20260803","first-page":"230","article-title":"Research on diagnostic markers for post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Altern Ther Health Med"},{"key":"R174-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358167","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2024.1358167","article-title":"EEG biomarkers analysis in different cognitive impairment after stroke: an exploration study","volume":"15","author":"Xu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R175-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-018-8327-5","article-title":"Astragaloside IV reversed the autophagy and oxidative stress induced by the intestinal microbiota of AIS in mice","volume":"56","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Microbiol"},{"key":"R176-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2519","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2519","article-title":"Association between serum cystatin C level and post-stroke cognitive impairment in patients with acute mild ischemic stroke","volume":"12","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"R177-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1798-0387","article-title":"Uric acid and cognitive impairment in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Horm Metab Res"},{"key":"R178-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2023.106272","article-title":"Dysregulation of ruminococcaceae and megamonas could be predictive markers for rapid progression of mild cognitive impairment","volume":"183","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"R179-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"972771","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.972771","article-title":"High serum amyloid A predicts risk of cognitive impairment after lacunar infarction: development and validation of a nomogram","volume":"13","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R180-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040798","article-title":"Plasma sDPP4 (soluble dipeptidyl peptidase-4) and cognitive impairment after noncardioembolic acute ischemic stroke","volume":"54","author":"You","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R181-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107034","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioorg.2023.107034","article-title":"Novel 1,3,4-oxadiazole hybrids of 3-n-butylphthalide derivatives as potential anti-ischemic stroke agents","volume":"143","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Bioorg Chem"},{"key":"R182-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4383332","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/4383332","article-title":"Hemoglobin derived from subarachnoid hemorrhage-induced pyroptosis of neural stem cells via ROS\/NLRP3\/GSDMD pathway","volume":"2023","author":"Yue","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"R183-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-03777-8","article-title":"Correlations of serum cystatin C level and gene polymorphism with vascular cognitive impairment after acute cerebral infarction","volume":"40","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R184-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366710","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2024.1366710","article-title":"Update on the mechanism of microglia involvement in post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"16","author":"Zeng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R185-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755011","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.755011","article-title":"A high neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicts higher risk of poststroke cognitive impairment: development and validation of a clinical prediction model","volume":"12","author":"Zha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R186-20260803","first-page":"3092","article-title":"miR-195 and miR-497 in acute stroke and their correlations with post-stroke cognitive impairment","volume":"13","author":"Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Clin Exp Pathol"},{"key":"R187-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987293","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.987293","article-title":"DL-3-n-butylphthalide (NBP) alleviates poststroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) by suppressing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R188-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e32688","article-title":"From inflammatory signaling to neuronal damage: Exploring NLR inflammasomes in ageing neurological disorders","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R189-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834114","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.834114","article-title":"Low serum superoxide dismutase is associated with a high risk of cognitive impairment after mild acute ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R190-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2024.103086","article-title":"Iron\/ROS\/Itga3 mediated accelerated depletion of hippocampal neural stem cell pool contributes to cognitive impairment after hemorrhagic stroke","volume":"71","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Redox Biol"},{"key":"R191-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789204","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.789204","article-title":"Elevated serum amyloid A is associated with cognitive impairment in ischemic stroke patients","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R192-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717003130","article-title":"High-sensitivity C-reactive protein and cognitive decline: the English longitudinal study of ageing","volume":"48","author":"Zheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"R193-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004257","article-title":"Serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 levels and prognosis of acute ischemic stroke","volume":"89","author":"Zhong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R194-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031903","article-title":"Choline pathway nutrients and metabolites and cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"52","author":"Zhong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R195-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1177\/13872877241303789","article-title":"Effect of serum uric acid to creatinine ratio on cognitive function decline in middle-aged adults: longitudinal evidence from CHARLS","volume":"103","author":"Zhou","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R196-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-019-04040-w","article-title":"Association of plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide levels with post-stroke cognitive impairment: a 1-year longitudinal study","volume":"41","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurol Sci"},{"key":"R197-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.5498\/wjp.v13.i12.985","article-title":"Diagnostic and prognostic implications of non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and homocysteine levels for cognitive impairment in thalamic infarction","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J Psychiatry"},{"key":"R198-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2021.12.011","article-title":"The association between plasma soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 and cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke","volume":"299","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"R199-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.122.040800","article-title":"Osteoprotegerin and ischemic stroke prognosis: a prospective multicenter study and mendelian randomization analysis","volume":"54","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R200-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S412825","article-title":"Impact of serum cystatin C level on long-term cognitive impairment after acute ischemic stroke and transient ischemic attack","volume":"19","author":"Zuo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00674","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T19:28:34Z","timestamp":1786735714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00674"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":200,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-00674","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-05-14","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-16","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}