{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,10]],"date-time":"2026-11-10T02:14:02Z","timestamp":1794276842875,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767052800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0 http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microglia are a functionally specialized subpopulation of microglia that play a crucial role in the pathophysiological processes of various central nervous system diseases. This review synthesizes compelling evidence that CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microglia exhibit unique transcriptomic and phagocytic characteristics. These characteristics distinguish them from homeostatic microglia and support their specialized functions. During development, CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microglia are crucial for the maturation of oligodendrocytes and the integrity of white matter, particularly in regions such as the corpus callosum and cerebellum. In preclinical models of neurodegenerative diseases (such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) and central nervous system injuries (such as stroke and spinal cord injury), they are consistently associated with neuroprotective phenotypes. CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microglia exhibit enhanced phagocytic capacity near amyloid plaques and damaged neurons, helping to clear pathological protein aggregates and cell debris, thereby reducing neurotoxicity and promoting a repair environment. The current consensus is that specific microenvironmental cues, particularly hazard signaling molecules damage-associated molecular patterns and cytokines (such as interferon-\u03b3), are the main drivers of the differentiation and activation of CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microglia. Among these, the TREM2-APOE signaling axis is a key and widely accepted regulatory pathway for their survival, proliferation, and functional status. The plasticity of CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    microglia is regulated by multiple signaling pathways, including CSF1R, SIRP\u03b1-CD47, interferon-\u03b3, and the complement cascade. Emerging therapeutic strategies aim to regulate their activities through gene targeting, metabolic intervention, and immune regulation using TREM2 agonists, CSF1R inhibitors, or nanopharmacological methods. However, challenges remain in defining specific CD11c\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    biomarkers, understanding environment-dependent functions, and achieving targeted delivery. Future prospects depend on clearly addressing individual developmental issues, deciphering the molecular switches that control phenotypic plasticity, and developing highly specific therapeutic strategies to leverage their beneficial functions, thereby paving the way for new intervention methods for neurological diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-00868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T11:00:09Z","timestamp":1767092409000},"page":"4538-4549","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["CD11c+ microglia: From basic research to clinical application"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Zipeng","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangyi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruihan","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peifu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3698-0525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xifan","family":"Mei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Liaoning Vocational College of Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2841-1851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Licheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9596-1861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junhao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Senior Department of Orthopedics, Chinese PLA Hospital, Beijing, China"},{"name":"School of Life Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-025-01574-w","article-title":"Astroglial Kir41 and AQP4 channels: key regulators of potassium homeostasis and their implications in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"45","author":"Abbasian","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R2-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1142","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000001142","article-title":"Baicalin promotes CNS remyelination via PPAR\u03b3 signal pathway","volume":"9","author":"Ai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"R3-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(90)90055-R","article-title":"Brain microglia constitutively express beta-2 integrins","volume":"30","author":"AkiyamaL","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R4-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/cns.70193","article-title":"Targeting remyelination in spinal cord injury: insights and emerging therapeutic strategies","volume":"30","author":"Al Mamun","year":"2024","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci Ther"},{"key":"R5-20260803","article-title":"Blood serum from individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease alters microglial phagocytosis in vitro","author":"Altendorfer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neural Regen Res"},{"key":"R6-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.97254","article-title":"P2X7R antagonism suppresses long-lasting brain hyperexcitability following traumatic brain injury in mice","volume":"15","author":"Alves","year":"2025","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"R7-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.04.062","article-title":"Developmental apoptosis promotes a disease-related gene signature and independence from CSF1R signaling in retinal microglia","volume":"27","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R8-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1854-18.2018","article-title":"Complement targets newborn retinal ganglion cells for phagocytic elimination by microglia","volume":"39","author":"Anderson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R9-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13159-0","article-title":"Clinical course and long-term outcomes in autoimmune glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) astrocytopathy","volume":"272","author":"Arzalluz-Luque","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"key":"R10-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0192-3","article-title":"Epigenetic regulation of brain region-specific microglia clearance activity","volume":"21","author":"Ayata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R11-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2009.06.019","article-title":"Microglia derived IL-6 suppresses neurosphere generation from adult human retinal cell suspensions","volume":"89","author":"Balasubramaniam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Eye Res"},{"key":"R12-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24531","article-title":"Chronically activated microglia in ALS gradually lose their immune functions and develop unconventional proteome","volume":"72","author":"Barreto-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R13-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1204","DOI":"10.3390\/genes15091204","article-title":"CD33 and SHP-1\/PTPN6 interaction in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"15","author":"Beckers","year":"2024","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"R14-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200920","article-title":"What is the role of microglial metabolism in inflammation and neurodegeneration?","volume":"99","author":"Benarroch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"R15-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00430","article-title":"Protective microglial subset in development, aging, and disease: lessons from transcriptomic studies","volume":"11","author":"Benmamar-Badel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R16-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2024.156240","article-title":"Saikosaponins from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd alleviates microglial pyroptosis in depression by binding and inhibiting P2X7 expression","volume":"136","author":"Bi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"R17-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352790","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2024.1352790","article-title":"Deplete and repeat: microglial CSF1R inhibition and traumatic brain injury","volume":"18","author":"Boland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R18-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.3390\/cells14060414","article-title":"Pharmacological inhibition of microglial proliferation supports blood-brain barrier integrity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"14","author":"Borjini","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"R19-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0290-2","article-title":"Human microglia regional heterogeneity and phenotypes determined by multiplexed single-cell mass cytometry","volume":"22","author":"B\u00f6ttcher","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R20-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5820","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19505-2","article-title":"The once and future gene therapy","volume":"11","author":"Bulaklak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R21-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0604681103","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate fights against Alzheimer\u2019s disease by inducing dendritic-like microglia expressing insulin-like growth factor 1","volume":"103","author":"Butovsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R22-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.032402","article-title":"Unique subtype of microglia in degenerative thalamus after cortical stroke","volume":"52","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"R23-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-020-00610-8","article-title":"RNA-seq and network analysis reveal unique glial gene expression signatures during prion infection","volume":"13","author":"Carroll","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecular brain"},{"key":"R24-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0293301","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0293301","article-title":"CD11c is not required by microglia to convey neuroprotection after prion infection","volume":"18","author":"Carroll","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R25-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02539-2","article-title":"Modulation of C5a-C5aR1 signaling alters the dynamics of AD progression","volume":"19","author":"Carvalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R26-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-200606000-00002","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi Induces TLR1 and TLR2 in human microglia and peripheral blood monocytes but differentially regulates HLA-class II expression","volume":"65","author":"Cassiani-Ingoni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuropathol Exp Neurol"},{"key":"R27-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiae060","article-title":"Nuclear factor \u03baB signaling deficiency in CD11c-expressing phagocytes mediates early inflammatory responses and enhances mycobacterium tuberculosis control","volume":"230","author":"Chauhan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"R28-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eads6111","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.ads6111","article-title":"Brain-wide microglia replacement using a nonconditioning strategy ameliorates pathology in mouse models of neurological disorders","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R29-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1732","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2025.05.014","article-title":"RIPK1 senses S-adenosylmethionine scarcity to drive cell death and inflammation","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R30-20260803","first-page":"9","article-title":"Application of single-cell sequencing technology and its clinical implications in Parkinson\u2019s disease and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a narrative review","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Technol Neurosci"},{"key":"R31-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02187-y","article-title":"Early glycolytic reprogramming controls microglial inflammatory activation","volume":"18","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R32-20260803","first-page":"1","article-title":"Liquid\u2013liquid phase separation technologies of \u03b1-synuclein governed by its C-terminus via electrostatic interactions: unveiling potential therapeutic targets for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"2","author":"Cui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Technol Neurosci"},{"key":"R33-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23005","article-title":"A case of mistaken identity: CD11c-eYFP(+) cells in the normal mouse brain parenchyma and neural retina display the phenotype of microglia, not dendritic cells","volume":"64","author":"Dando","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R34-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101019","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.101019","article-title":"Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact","volume":"38","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"R35-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2018.05.003","article-title":"Disease-associated microglia: a universal immune sensor of neurodegeneration","volume":"173","author":"Deczkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R36-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.009","article-title":"Microglia transcriptional states and their functional significance: Context drives diversity","volume":"58","author":"Depp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R37-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001389","article-title":"Sex and gender differences in neurological infections","volume":"38","author":"Dias","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"key":"R38-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9910","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2114-11.2011","article-title":"Deficient CX3CR1 signaling promotes recovery after mouse spinal cord injury by limiting the recruitment and activation of Ly6Clo\/iNOS+ macrophages","volume":"31","author":"Donnelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"key":"R39-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113683","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2024.113683","article-title":"Repopulated spinal cord microglia exhibit a unique transcriptome and contribute to pain resolution","volume":"43","author":"Donovan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R40-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e168142","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.168142","article-title":"CD11c+ macrophages are proangiogenic and necessary for experimental choroidal neovascularization","volume":"8","author":"Droho","year":"2023","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"R41-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10051138","article-title":"Microglia in aging and Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a comparative species review","volume":"10","author":"Edler","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"R42-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102791","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.102791","article-title":"Dihydroartemisinin attenuates acetic acid-induced ulcerative colitis in rats: Suppression of inflammation and modulation of NF\u03ba\u03b2\/TNF-\u03b1\/RIPK1-mediated necroptosis and apoptosis","volume":"94","author":"Eldesoqui","year":"2025","journal-title":"Tissue Cell"},{"key":"R43-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684098","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/2684098","article-title":"Genetic ablation of soluble TNF does not affect lesion size and functional recovery after moderate spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"2016","author":"Ellman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm"},{"key":"R44-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2017742118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2017742118","article-title":"Prior activation state shapes the microglia response to antihuman TREM2 in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Ellwanger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R45-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-020-00447-4","article-title":"Stem-cell-derived human microglia transplanted into mouse brain to study human disease","volume":"16","author":"Fattorelli","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Protoc"},{"key":"R46-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4895","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2013.256388","article-title":"Long- and short-term intravital imaging reveals differential spatiotemporal recruitment and function of myelomonocytic cells after spinal cord injury","volume":"591","author":"Fenrich","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Physiol"},{"key":"R47-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108291","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108291","article-title":"Dendritic cells and microglia have non-redundant functions in the inflamed brain with protective effects of type 1 cDCs","volume":"33","author":"Gallizioli","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R48-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2114476119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2114476119","article-title":"Microglia regulate chandelier cell axo-axonic synaptogenesis","volume":"119","author":"Gallo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R49-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.2419","article-title":"Gene-expression profiles and transcriptional regulatory pathways that underlie the identity and diversity of mouse tissue macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Gautier","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"key":"R50-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00368","article-title":"CSF1R inhibition reduces microglia proliferation, promotes tissue preservation and improves motor recovery after spinal cord injury","volume":"12","author":"Gerber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R51-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24674","article-title":"CD11c-expressing microglia are transient, driven by interactions with apoptotic cells","volume":"73","author":"Ghena","year":"2025","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R52-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70339","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.70339","article-title":"Cell-specific protein expression in Alzheimer\u2019s disease prefrontal cortex","volume":"21","author":"Gholampour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R53-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1615","article-title":"DNL104, a centrally penetrant RIPK1 inhibitor, inhibits RIP1 kinase phosphorylation in a randomized phase\u2160 ascending dose study in healthy volunteers","volume":"107","author":"Grievink","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"R54-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-87919-7_16","article-title":"Oligodendroglia in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder","volume":"43","author":"Guo","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"R55-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815347","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.815347","article-title":"Microglia polarization from M1 to M2 in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"14","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R56-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1494","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26041494","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis divulges differential expressions of microglial genes after microglial repopulation in mice","volume":"26","author":"Hafeez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R57-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev204610","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.204610","article-title":"CSF1R ligands promote microglial proliferation but are not the sole regulators of developmental microglial proliferation","volume":"152","author":"Hammond","year":"2025","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"R58-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2018.11.004","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA sequencing of microglia throughout the mouse lifespan and in the injured brain reveals complex cell-state changes","volume":"50","author":"Hammond","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R59-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-017-0210-z","article-title":"Prevention of C5aR1 signaling delays microglial inflammatory polarization, favors clearance pathways and suppresses cognitive loss","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"R60-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20142047","article-title":"Therapeutic antiviral T cells noncytopathically clear persistently infected microglia after conversion into antigen-presenting cells","volume":"212","author":"Herz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R61-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13690","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13690","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics, and target engagement of a brain penetrant RIPK1 inhibitor, SAR443820 (DNL788), in healthy adult participants","volume":"17","author":"Hincelin-Mery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"R62-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s41232-022-00199-6","article-title":"Neuroplasticity related to chronic pain and its modulation by microglia","volume":"42","author":"Hiraga","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflamm Regen"},{"key":"R63-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.1830160306","article-title":"The p150,95 molecule is a marker of human mononuclear phagocytes: comparison with expression of class II molecules","volume":"16","author":"Hogg","year":"1986","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"R64-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1007\/s40259-025-00729-x","article-title":"Emerging role of targeted monoclonal antibodies in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders","volume":"39","author":"Holian","year":"2025","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"R65-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-190588","article-title":"Glutamine antagonist JHU-083 normalizes aberrant hippocampal glutaminase activity and improves cognition in APOE4 mice","volume":"77","author":"Hollinger","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"key":"R66-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1556992","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1556992","article-title":"Multifaceted, unique role of CD11c in leukocyte biology","volume":"16","author":"Hou","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R67-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536478","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2024.1536478","article-title":"ITGAX promotes gastric cancer progression via epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathway","volume":"15","author":"Hu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R68-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-020-00987-z","article-title":"High glucose and hypoxia-mediated damage to human brain microvessel endothelial cells induces an altered, pro-inflammatory phenotype in BV-2 microglia in vitro","volume":"42","author":"Iannucci","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Mol Neurobiol"},{"key":"R69-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22771","article-title":"CD11c-positive cells from brain, spleen, lung, and liver exhibit site-specific immune phenotypes and plastically adapt to new environments","volume":"63","author":"Immig","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R70-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7254","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.10.7254","article-title":"Fibrillar amyloid-beta peptides activate microglia via TLR2: implications for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"181","author":"Jana","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R71-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-023-05689-0","article-title":"CD11c(+) microglia promote white matter repair after ischemic stroke","volume":"14","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"R72-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1002246","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002246","article-title":"Analysis of behavior and trafficking of dendritic cells within the brain during toxoplasmic encephalitis","volume":"7","author":"John","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS pathogens"},{"key":"R73-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.03.013","article-title":"Glia get RIPped in ALS","volume":"58","author":"Johnson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R74-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-022-02552-5","article-title":"Phagocytosis converts infiltrated monocytes to microglia-like phenotype in experimental brain ischemia","volume":"19","author":"Ju","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R75-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00825-0","article-title":"Decoding microglial immunometabolism: a new frontier in Alzheimer\u2019s disease research","volume":"20","author":"Jung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener,"},{"key":"R76-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.07.007","article-title":"Transcriptional profiling of CD11c-positive microglia accumulating around amyloid plaques in a mouse model for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"1862","author":"Kamphuis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"R77-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaay1359","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aay1359","article-title":"Brain delivery of therapeutic proteins using an Fc fragment blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice and monkeys","volume":"12","author":"Kariolis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R78-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2020.06.010","article-title":"Amino assets: how amino acids support immunity","volume":"32","author":"Kelly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Metab"},{"key":"R79-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awx315","article-title":"Oestrogen receptor &beta; ligand acts on CD11c&plus; cells to mediate protection in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"141","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R80-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0056621","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00566-21","article-title":"Mechanisms of antiviral cytotoxic CD4 T cell differentiation","volume":"95","author":"Knudson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"R81-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040542","article-title":"Prophylactic glatiramer acetate treatment positively attenuates spontaneous opticospinal encephalomyelitis","volume":"12","author":"Koc","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"R82-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf6805","article-title":"A spinal microglia population involved in remitting and relapsing neuropathic pain","volume":"376","author":"Kohno","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"R83-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2017.08.008","article-title":"The TREM2-APOE pathway drives the transcriptional phenotype of dysfunctional microglia in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"47","author":"Krasemann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R84-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1380736","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2024.1380736","article-title":"Chikungunya virus infection in human microglial C20 cells induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis","volume":"14","author":"Kumar","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"15","key":"R85-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7553","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26157553","article-title":"Glial cells and aging: from the CNS to the cerebellum","volume":"26","author":"La Sala","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R86-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51578-1","article-title":"Altered mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) function shifts mitochondrial metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)","volume":"16","author":"Larrea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R87-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"962","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.01.012","article-title":"Microglia maintain structural integrity during fetal brain morphogenesis","volume":"187","author":"Lawrence","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"R88-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201467","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201467","article-title":"PRMT1 is required for the generation of MHC-associated microglia and remyelination in the central nervous system","volume":"5","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life Sci Alliance"},{"key":"R89-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e192919","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI192919","article-title":"Microglia matters: visualizing the immune battle in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"135","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"R90-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28086-1","article-title":"Adenosine receptor 2a agonists target mouse CD11c+T-bet+ B cells in infection and autoimmunity","volume":"13","author":"Levack","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R91-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.125","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R92-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2018.12.006","article-title":"Developmental heterogeneity of microglia and brain myeloid cells revealed by deep single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R93-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-022-00542-y","article-title":"TREM2 in the pathogenesis of AD: a lipid metabolism regulator and potential metabolic therapeutic target","volume":"17","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"key":"R94-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2024.12.059","article-title":"Microglia membrane-mediated trans-blood-brain barrier prodrug micelles enhance phagocytosis for glioblastoma chemo-immunotherapy","volume":"378","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Control Release"},{"key":"R95-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/nature21029","article-title":"Neurotoxic reactive astrocytes are induced by activated microglia","volume":"541","author":"Liddelow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R96-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-55529-9_35","article-title":"Emerging microglial therapies and targets in clinical trial","volume":"37","author":"Ling","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv Neurobiol"},{"key":"R97-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867410","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.867410","article-title":"Multi-hit white matter injury-induced cerebral palsy model established by perinatal lipopolysaccharide injection","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pediatr"},{"key":"R98-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1186\/s13195-024-01599-1","article-title":"Preclinical and first-in-human evaluation of AL002, a novel TREM2 agonistic antibody for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Long","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Res Ther"},{"key":"R99-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.13474","article-title":"Associations of cortical SPP1 and ITGAX with cognition and common neuropathologies in older adults","volume":"20","author":"Lopes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"key":"R100-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3791\/62480","article-title":"Co-culturing microglia and cortical neurons differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells","author":"Lopez-Lengowski","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Vis Exp"},{"key":"R101-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-336041","article-title":"Silent burden: recognising and managing invisible symptoms in neuromyelitis optica","volume":"96","author":"Lorefice","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"R102-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499871","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1499871","article-title":"Targeting necroptosis in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: can exercise modulate neuronal death?","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R103-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1576020","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2025.1576020","article-title":"The potential and challenges of TREM2-targeted therapy in Alzheimer\u2019s disease: insights from the INVOKE-2 study","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"R104-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2019.134310","article-title":"Targeting microglia with lentivirus and AAV: Recent advances and remaining challenges","volume":"707","author":"Maes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci Lett"},{"key":"R105-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13322","DOI":"10.1111\/bpa.13322","article-title":"Neuropathological and cerebrospinal fluid correlates of choroid plexus inflammation in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Magliozzi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"R106-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awz241","article-title":"CSF1R inhibitor JNJ-40346527 attenuates microglial proliferation and neurodegeneration in P301S mice","volume":"142","author":"Mancuso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"R107-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3876","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp331","article-title":"Neutralization of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor decreases amyloid beta 1-42 and suppresses microglial activity in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"18","author":"Manczak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"key":"R108-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01110","article-title":"Absence of miRNA-146a differentially alters microglia function and proteome","volume":"11","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R109-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2020.101971","article-title":"Microglial innate memory and epigenetic reprogramming in neurological disorders","volume":"200","author":"Martins-Ferreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog Neurobiol"},{"key":"R110-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-56124-1","article-title":"The Human Microglia Atlas (HuMicA) unravels changes in disease-associated microglia subsets across neurodegenerative conditions","volume":"16","author":"Martins-Ferreira","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R111-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2021.105556","article-title":"Reduction in CD11c microglia correlates with clinical progression in chronic experimental autoimmune demyelination","volume":"161","author":"Mayrhofer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"key":"R112-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7529","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-43224-z","article-title":"Brain-to-gut trafficking of alpha-synuclein by CD11c cells in a mouse model of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"McFleder","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7942","key":"R113-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-022-05534-y","article-title":"Microglia regulate central nervous system myelin growth and integrity","volume":"613","author":"McNamara","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"R114-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev200425","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.200425","article-title":"Microglia in brain development and regeneration","volume":"149","author":"Mehl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"R115-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3618","article-title":"Micropillar arrays as a high-throughput screening platform for therapeutics in multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Mei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"R116-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20220328","DOI":"10.1515\/tnsci-2022-0328","article-title":"Nanopharmacology as a new approach to treat neuroinflammatory disorders","volume":"14","author":"Men\u00e9ndez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Neurosci"},{"key":"R117-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578644","article-title":"Anti-IL-6R antibody treatment changes microglial phenotype in AQP4 peptide-immunized mice, leading to suppression of myelitis severity","volume":"405","author":"Miyake","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"R118-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-024-01098-2","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of the CD11c(+) microglial population in the mouse brain and spinal cord from developmental to adult stages","volume":"17","author":"Nomaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Brain"},{"key":"R119-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25295","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.25295","article-title":"Early amyloid-induced changes in microglia gene expression in male APP\/PS1 mice","volume":"102","author":"Oshima","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R120-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841548","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2022.841548","article-title":"Clemastine induces an impairment in developmental myelination","volume":"10","author":"Palma","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"R121-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.020","article-title":"Microglia states and nomenclature: a field at its crossroads","volume":"110","author":"Paolicelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"R122-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.20488","article-title":"Microglial cell activation and proliferation precedes the onset of CNS autoimmunity","volume":"81","author":"Ponomarev","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"key":"R123-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2025.04.029","article-title":"Amyloid-\u03b2 induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"58","author":"Prakash","year":"2025","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R124-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3334","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900420","article-title":"Pleiotropic impacts of macrophage and microglial deficiency on development in rats with targeted mutation of the Csf1r locus","volume":"202","author":"Pridans","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"key":"R125-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-093019-110159","article-title":"Microglia and central nervous system-associated macrophages-from origin to disease modulation","volume":"39","author":"Prinz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Annu Rev Immunol"},{"key":"R126-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103416","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2023.1103416","article-title":"Microglia activation in central nervous system disorders: A review of recent mechanistic investigations and development efforts","volume":"14","author":"Qin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"R127-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2218915120","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2218915120","article-title":"Definition of the contribution of an osteopontin-producing CD11c+ microglial subset to Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"120","author":"Qiu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R128-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/stmcls\/sxad077","article-title":"Single-Cell RNA sequencing technology landscape in 2023","volume":"42","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"R129-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2013545118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2013545118","article-title":"Unique molecular characteristics and microglial origin of Kv13 channel-positive brain myeloid cells in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"118","author":"Ramesha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R130-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fmre.2023.02.025","article-title":"Allogenic microglia replacement: a novel therapeutic strategy for neurological disorders","volume":"4","author":"Rao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fundam Res"},{"key":"R131-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-016-0472-1","article-title":"Development and characterization of a human microglia cell model of HIV-1 infection","volume":"23","author":"Rawat","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R132-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1030","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881120914206","article-title":"Characterisation of the pharmacodynamic effects of the P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-54175446 using an oral dexamphetamine challenge model in healthy males in a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose trial","volume":"34","author":"Recourt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R133-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-023-02557-5","article-title":"Characterization of the central nervous system penetrant and selective purine P2X7 receptor antagonist JNJ-54175446 in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"13","author":"Recourt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Transl Psychiatry"},{"key":"R134-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06432.x","article-title":"Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor antibody suppresses microglial activity: implications for anti-inflammatory effects in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and multiple sclerosis","volume":"111","author":"Reddy","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"R135-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6349","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S522380","article-title":"Trends in research on the P2X7 receptor: a bibliometric and visualization analysis","volume":"18","author":"Ren","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"key":"R136-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-024-03296-0","article-title":"Fueling neurodegeneration: metabolic insights into microglia functions","volume":"21","author":"Sadeghdoust","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R137-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.03.099","article-title":"The major risk factors for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: age, sex, and genes modulate the microglia response to A\u03b2 plaques","volume":"27","author":"Sala Frigerio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R138-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.18388\/pb.2021_532","article-title":"Sequencing the transcriptome of single cells: a path to discovering cellular biodiversity","volume":"70","author":"Samelak-Czajka","year":"2024","journal-title":"Postepy Biochem"},{"key":"R139-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1372","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-025-01978-3","article-title":"A dynamic and multimodal framework to define microglial states","volume":"28","author":"Sankowski","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R140-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.21538","article-title":"Embryonic and postnatal development of microglial cells in the mouse retina","volume":"506","author":"Santos","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Comp Neurol"},{"key":"R141-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1827.1996.tb03528.x","article-title":"The immunophenotype of perivascular cells in the human brain","volume":"46","author":"Sasaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pathol Int"},{"key":"R142-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e42025","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.42025","article-title":"Microglial SIRP\u03b1 regulates the emergence of CD11c(+) microglia and demyelination damage in white matter","volume":"8","author":"Sato-Hashimoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"R143-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033135","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1033135","article-title":"Origin, distribution, and function of three frequent coding polymorphisms in the gene for the human P2X7 ion channel","volume":"13","author":"Sch\u00e4fer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"R144-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-020-02024-8","article-title":"The good, the bad, and the opportunities of the complement system in neurodegenerative disease","volume":"17","author":"Schartz","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R145-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01866","article-title":"\u03b22 Integrins as regulators of dendritic cell, monocyte, and macrophage","volume":"8","author":"Schittenhelm","year":"2017","journal-title":"Function Front Immunol"},{"key":"R146-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e11227","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.201911227","article-title":"Enhancing protective microglial activities with a dual function TREM2 antibody to the stalk region","volume":"12","author":"Schlepckow","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol Med"},{"key":"R147-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-024-02770-6","article-title":"High throughput spatial immune mapping reveals an innate immune scar in post-COVID-19 brains","volume":"148","author":"Schwabenland","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"key":"R148-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2412556","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202412556","article-title":"Microglia-derived interleukin-6 triggers astrocyte apoptosis in the hippocampus and mediates depression-like behavior","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Adv Sci (Weinh)"},{"key":"R149-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2116241119","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2116241119","article-title":"Definition of a mouse microglial subset that regulates neuronal development and proinflammatory responses in the brain","volume":"119","author":"Shen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"R150-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23967","article-title":"Functional cooperation of the hedgehog and androgen signaling pathways during developmental and repairing myelination","volume":"69","author":"Shibuya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R151-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.07.004","article-title":"Dual ontogeny of disease-associated microglia and disease inflammatory macrophages in aging and neurodegeneration","volume":"55","author":"Silvin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"R152-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-023-01053-6","article-title":"Brain macrophage development, diversity and dysregulation in health and disease","volume":"20","author":"Silvin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"R153-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-54757-2","article-title":"Rab8a restores diverse innate functions in CD11c+CD11b+ dendritic cells from aged mice","volume":"15","author":"Singh","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R154-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3013","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26073013","article-title":"Glatiramer acetate modifies the immune profiles of monocyte-derived dendritic cells in vitro without affecting their generation","volume":"26","author":"Skuljec","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"R155-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70095","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.70095","article-title":"Microglia Single-Cell RNA-Seq enables robust and applicable markers of biological aging","volume":"24","author":"Stanley","year":"2025","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"R156-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01326-3","article-title":"ARG1-expressing microglia show a distinct molecular signature and modulate postnatal development and function of the mouse brain","volume":"26","author":"Stratoulias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R157-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.020","article-title":"Microglia and macrophages as innate producers of interferon-gamma in the brain following infection with Toxoplasma gondii","volume":"35","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Parasitol"},{"key":"R158-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.2007.00098.x","article-title":"Maturation and localization of macrophages and microglia during infection with a neurotropic murine coronavirus","volume":"18","author":"Templeton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Brain Pathol"},{"key":"R159-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24329","article-title":"Early microglial response, myelin deterioration and lethality in mice deficient for very long chain ceramide synthesis in oligodendrocytes","volume":"71","author":"Teo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R160-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-023-01161-z","article-title":"Detection of disease-associated microglia among various microglia phenotypes induced by West Nile virus infection in mice","volume":"29","author":"Thammahakin","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"R161-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2017.10.004","article-title":"On place and time: microglia in embryonic and perinatal brain development","volume":"47","author":"Thion","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"key":"R162-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.06.086","article-title":"Biphasic impact of prenatal inflammation and macrophage depletion on the wiring of neocortical inhibitory circuits","volume":"28","author":"Thion","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R163-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881118800067","article-title":"Clinical pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety, and tolerability of JNJ-54175446, a brain permeable P2X7 antagonist, in a randomised single-ascending dose study in healthy participants","volume":"32","author":"Timmers","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"R164-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-023-01583-0","article-title":"Mass cytometric analysis of the immune cell landscape after traumatic brain injury elucidates the role of complement and complement receptors in neurologic outcomes","volume":"11","author":"Toutonji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"R165-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16275","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.16275","article-title":"Preferential clustering of microglia and astrocytes around neuritic plaques during progression of Alzheimer\u2019s disease neuropathological changes","volume":"169","author":"Tsering","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurochem"},{"key":"R166-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1254\/fpj.22157","article-title":"Neuropathic pain decoded by microglial heterogeneity","volume":"158","author":"Tsuda","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi"},{"key":"R167-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1212\/CPJ.0000000000000036","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of acute encephalitis: a practical approach","volume":"4","author":"Venkatesan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurol Clin Pract"},{"key":"R168-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02769-y","article-title":"Pharmacological modulation of TSPO in microglia\/macrophages and neurons in a chronic neurodegenerative model of prion disease","volume":"20","author":"Vicente-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R169-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1111\/cts.13317","article-title":"Safety, pharmacokinetics and target engagement of novel RIPK1 inhibitor SAR443060 (DNL747) for neurodegenerative disorders: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase I\/Ib studies in healthy subjects and patients","volume":"15","author":"Vissers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Transl Sci"},{"key":"R170-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-024-07325-x","article-title":"TRAF2 and RIPK1 redundantly mediate classical NF\u03baB signaling by TNFR1 and CD95-type death receptors","volume":"16","author":"Wagner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis"},{"key":"R171-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-022-01324-9","article-title":"Differential protein expression in the hippocampi of resilient individuals identified by digital spatial profiling","volume":"10","author":"Walker","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol Commun"},{"key":"R172-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14713","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e14713","article-title":"A richer and more diverse future for microglia phenotypes","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"R173-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200785","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20200785","article-title":"Anti-human TREM2 induces microglia proliferation and reduces pathology in an Alzheimer\u2019s disease model","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"key":"R174-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.24541","article-title":"Repopulated microglia after pharmacological depletion decrease dendritic spine density in adult mouse brain","volume":"72","author":"Wickel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R175-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00463","article-title":"Pathologic and protective roles for microglial subsets and bone marrow- and blood-derived myeloid cells in central nervous system inflammation","volume":"6","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"R176-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3292","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201696056","article-title":"A novel microglial subset plays a key role in myelinogenesis in developing brain","volume":"36","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2017","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"R177-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00523","article-title":"CSF1R stimulation promotes increased neuroprotection by CD11c+ microglia in EAE","volume":"12","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R178-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23938","article-title":"Type I interferon-activated microglia are critical for neuromyelitis optica pathology","volume":"69","author":"Wlodarczyk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"R179-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-021-02309-6","article-title":"The semantics of microglia activation: neuroinflammation, homeostasis, and stress","volume":"18","author":"Woodburn","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R180-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71879","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.71879","article-title":"Microglia and CD206 border-associated mouse macrophages maintain their embryonic origin during Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"R181-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-021-00975-6","article-title":"TREM2 interacts with TDP-43 and mediates microglial neuroprotection against TDP-43-related neurodegeneration","volume":"25","author":"Xie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"key":"R182-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15411-9","article-title":"Human iPSC-derived mature microglia retain their identity and functionally integrate in the chimeric mouse brain","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R183-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1582902","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2025.1582902","article-title":"The potential of repurposing clemastine to promote remyelination","volume":"19","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Cell Neurosci"},{"key":"R184-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2025.115717","article-title":"Optogenetic activation of cortical microglia promotes neuronal activity and pain hypersensitivity","volume":"44","author":"Yi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"R185-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabl9945","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abl9945","article-title":"Treatment of a genetic brain disease by CNS-wide microglia replacement","volume":"14","author":"Yohei","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"R186-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-59849-1","article-title":"Targeting C1q prevents microglia-mediated synaptic removal in neuropathic pain","volume":"16","author":"Yousefpour","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"R187-20260803","first-page":"156240","article-title":"Saikosaponins from Bupleurum scorzonerifolium Willd. alleviates microglial pyroptosis in depression by binding and inhibiting P2X7 expression","volume":"136","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"R188-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-025-03414-6","article-title":"SIRP\u03b1 modulates microglial efferocytosis and neuroinflammation following experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage via the SHP1\/STAT6 axis","volume":"22","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"R189-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104860","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2020.104860","article-title":"IFN-\u03b3 regulates the transformation of microglia into dendritic-like cells via the ERK\/c-myc signaling pathway during cerebral ischemia\/reperfusion in mice","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurochem Int"},{"key":"R190-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-022-01013-6","article-title":"Novel microglia-based therapeutic approaches to neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci Bull"},{"key":"R191-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01291-6","article-title":"COVID-19-associated monocytic encephalitis (CAME): histological and proteomic evidence from autopsy","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"R192-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2025.108357","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived phenylacetylglutamine mitigates neuroinflammation induced by intracerebral hemorrhage in mice","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"key":"R193-20260803","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70673","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202403313R","article-title":"Ficolin-3 activates complement and triggers necroptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells via the RIPK1\/RIPK3\/MLKL signaling pathway","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J"}],"container-title":["Neural Regeneration Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00868","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,13]],"date-time":"2026-08-13T18:55:31Z","timestamp":1786647331000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/NRR.NRR-D-25-00868"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"references-count":193,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-00868","relation":{},"ISSN":["1673-5374","1876-7958"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1673-5374","type":"print"},{"value":"1876-7958","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-15","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}