{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T21:09:13Z","timestamp":1793048953764,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]],"date-time":"2025-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767139200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0 http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The nose\u2013brain axis is a direct pathway linking the nasal cavity to the central nervous system. Odors, as well as exogenous substances such as pathogens, inflammatory mediators, and drugs, can enter the cranial cavity through pathways including the olfactory nerve, trigeminal nerve, and humoral routes, thereby enabling signal transmission and material exchange from the peripheral nasal cavity to the central nervous system. In recent years, advances in multimodal visualization technologies have made it possible to dynamically monitor the nose\u2013brain axis from the molecular level to the tissue level, providing important means for revealing its functional characteristics and pathological changes. Owing to the existence of the nose\u2013brain axis, nasal inflammation can, through neuro-immune interactions, activate central microglia and astrocytes and induce neuroinflammation, thus promoting the onset and progression of central nervous system diseases. In addition, the nose\u2013brain axis offers a unique route for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. Intranasal drug delivery can bypass the blood\u2013brain barrier, act directly on the central nervous system, increase intracranial drug bioavailability, and produce rapid effects, providing new ideas for treating cross-system diseases. This review systematically summarizes the anatomical pathways of the nose\u2013brain axis, visualization monitoring technologies, and mechanisms by which nasal inflammation affects the central nervous system. It also reviews advances in intranasal drug delivery for emotional disorders, migraine, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, aiming to provide new strategies for studying the mechanisms by which nasal inflammation influences the central nervous system and for cross-system targeted therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-01770","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T05:00:30Z","timestamp":1767762030000},"page":"4012-4019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Nose\u2013brain axis: A bridge from the nasal cavity to the central nervous system"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Guohui","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, China\u2013Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongdong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2013Head and Neck Surgery, China\u2013Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2345-2539","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kaizhi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, China\u2013Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260518","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S638","DOI":"10.1192\/j.eurpsy.2025.1297","article-title":"Intranasal esketamine in treatment-resistant depression: Descriptive study of our clinical 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