{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T15:29:26Z","timestamp":1788449366083,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":188,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0 http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Cellular communication orchestrates human brain development through complex interactions involving adhesion molecules, signaling ligands, extracellular matrix, and extracellular vesicles. While intrinsic genetic programs governing neural differentiation are well characterized, the roles of extrinsic, non-cell-autonomous signaling, particularly extracellular-mediated communication, remain poorly understood. Here, we review recent advances in three-dimensional brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells as physiologically relevant models that recapitulate key aspects of human neurodevelopment, enabling detailed study of extracellular vesicle-mediated intracellular signaling. We highlight how organoid systems facilitate the investigation of extracellular vesicle cargo dynamics and their influence on neural cell fate, migration, and circuit assembly, as well as their involvement in neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer\u2019s and Parkinson\u2019s diseases. These insights show the potential of brain organoids to unravel complex cellular interactions and inform biomarkers discovery and therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-01806","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:00:18Z","timestamp":1770008418000},"page":"4529-4537","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Brain organoids as models of extracellular vesicle\u2013mediated human neural communication"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5704-4408","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuliana La","family":"Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy"},{"name":"Stem cell laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University \u201cMagna Graecia,\u201d Catanzaro, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Pascale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples \u201cFederico II,\u201d Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Roberta","family":"Iazzetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edoardo","family":"Sozzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Fico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics \u2018\u2018A. 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