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Unique to the retina, these glial cells occupy specialized niches and interact closely with the blood\u2013retinal barrier, creating distinct vulnerabilities. We summarized the glial activation mechanisms, shared triggers, including oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction, aging, and systemic inflammation, as well as key pathways, such as nuclear factor kappa-B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, Janus kinase\/signal transducer and activator of transcription, the inflammasome, and the complement system. Disease-specific responses in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and vascular occlusions were compared, highlighting the heterogeneity of gliosis and its impact on neuronal and vascular pathology. We also discussed emerging human-derived platforms alongside proteomics approaches, highlighting their utility for mechanistic insights and discovering biomarkers. Despite advances, critical gaps remain in understanding glial\u2013glial interactions and in developing robust models focused on glia. Despite these advances, major gaps remain in our understanding of glial\u2013glial communication, state transitions, and their temporal relationship to neurodegeneration. Moreover, the lack of experimental models explicitly designed to interrogate glial biology continues to limit translational progress. Addressing these challenges will be essential to reposition glial cells as central drivers of retinal disease rather than secondary responders. A strategic shift toward glia-centered models, integrative multi-omics analyses, and human-relevant systems holds promise for advancing biomarker discovery and developing targeted therapeutic strategies that aim to modulate glial dysfunction and preserve vision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.4103\/nrr.nrr-d-25-01905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T13:00:10Z","timestamp":1770296410000},"page":"4822-4831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Retinal glial cells in glaucoma and age-related retinal diseases: Inflammatory responses, disease transitions, and translational perspectives"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Akanksha","family":"Salkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Macquarie Medical School, Faculty of Human Health and Medical Science, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 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