{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T13:19:24Z","timestamp":1787750364824,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n \n CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>\n Uncorrected refractive errors are the most common cause of visual impairment and global blindness.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n AIMS:<\/jats:title>\n This study aims to assess the accuracy of refractive error measurements using streak retinoscopy and autorefraction, both with and without administering cycloplegics, in children aged 4\u201310 years.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SETTINGS AND DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n This study is an analytical observational research with a cross-sectional design.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n SUBJECTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n This study was conducted at an eye clinic from January 2020 to August 2020, with 90 subjects. The examination utilized 1% cyclopentolate cycloplegia administered twice within 1 h, along with retinoscopy and autorefractors.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED:<\/jats:title>\n The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n \n The study results indicate that (1) there was no significant difference in the mean spherical equivalent (SE) before cycloplegia between the two instruments (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.630); (2) a significant difference in mean SE after cycloplegia was observed for both instruments (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001); (3) significant differences in mean SE after cycloplegia were noted for both instruments in cases of compound myopic astigmatism (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n < 0.001), compound hyperopic astigmatism (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.007), and mixed astigmatism (\n P<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.001); and (4) examination of all subjects showed undercorrection of autorefractometry results compared to those of retinoscopy.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n Retinoscopy and autorefractors yield different results for refractive error correction after cycloplegia. Therefore, autorefractor examination with cycloplegia cannot be considered a substitute for retinoscopy with cycloplegia.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.ojo_100_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T02:00:09Z","timestamp":1782266409000},"page":"232-238","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparison of refractive examination results in children with and without cycloplegia using retinoscopy and autorefractors"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Delvi Indera","family":"Mayasari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulfah","family":"Rimayanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia"},{"name":"School of Medicine, Universitas Islam Negeri Alauddin Makassar, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlyanti Nur","family":"Rahmah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Muslim Indonesia, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Purnamanita","family":"Syawal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Makassar Eye Hospital, Makassar, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"R2-20260624","first-page":"170","article-title":"An overview of refractive errors in pediatric patients aged 6-12 years at the Refraction and Contact Lens Division of the Eye Clinic, Sanglah General Hospital in 2014","volume":"6","author":"Mihartari","year":"2017","journal-title":"E J Med"},{"key":"R4-20260624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.36351\/pjo.v41i1.1897","article-title":"Visual acuity and refractive errors in toddlers","volume":"41","author":"Rimayanti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pak J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S1888-4296(11)70041-3","article-title":"Refractive errors among school children in Jhapa, Nepal","volume":"4","author":"Shrestha","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Optom"},{"key":"R6-20260624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.4103\/2008-322X.170360","article-title":"Accuracy and repeatability of refractive error measurements by photorefractometry","volume":"10","author":"Rajavi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ophthalmic Vis Res"},{"key":"R7-20260624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12375","article-title":"A comparison of cycloplegic autorefraction and retinoscopy in Indian children","volume":"100","author":"Guha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R8-20260624","first-page":"249","article-title":"Difference of refraction values between standard autorefractometry and plusoptix","volume":"60","author":"Bogd\u0103nici","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rom J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20260624","first-page":"806","article-title":"Accuracy of noncycloplegic refraction in primary school children in Southern Thailand","volume":"92","author":"Funarunart","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thai"},{"key":"R12-20260624","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2221-6189(13)60096-7","article-title":"Incidence of refractive errors in children 3 to 9 years of age in the city of Tetovo, Macedonia","volume":"2","author":"Mahmudi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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