{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T14:23:37Z","timestamp":1787840617629,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONTEXT:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent and specific angiogenic growth factor that may participate in the formation of the vascular tumor stroma. Pretreatment VEGF levels can be a biomarker to predict tumor progression and prognosis in patients with primary ocular malignancies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>AIMS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to estimate the serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in various ocular malignancies, correlate with clinicpathological parameters, and assess its prognostic and therapeutic implications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SETTINGS AND DESIGN:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This hospital-based observational study includes a total of 32 newly diagnosed histopathologically confirmed, patients with ocular malignancy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>SUBJECTS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Circulating VEGF levels were measured using as and which enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique in 32 patients and 16 healthy controls. Serum VEGF levels were expressed as means \u00b1 standard deviation and compared using a one-way analysis of variance test, Chi-squared test, and Student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test were used.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Mean serum VEGF levels were significantly raised in patients as compared to healthy controls (79.85 \u00b1 22.16 vs 67.15 \u00b1 6.84 pg\/ml). Moreover, VEGF levels were maximum in retinoblastoma (111.86 \u00b1 33.54 pg\/ml), followed by sebaceous gland carcinoma (77.83 \u00b1 11.37 pg\/ml), ocular surface squamous neoplasia (70.57 \u00b1 5.84 pg\/ml), and basal cell carcinoma (67.96 \u00b1 4.55 pg\/ml). No significant change in serum VEGF level depending on histopathological differentiation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.151). Overall, VEGF levels were markedly elevated in the advanced stage as compared to those with the early stage (94.43 \u00b1 26.71 vs. 68.51 \u00b1 6.20 pg\/ml). Significant increase in VEGF levels was also found in patients with lymph node metastasis (108.90 \u00b1 27.31 pg\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and distant metastasis (124.71 \u00b1 28.27 pg\/ml,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001). In addition, recurrence was observed in 18.75% of patients with high-level VEGF (104.69 \u00b1 35.78 pg\/ml).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSIONS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Serum VEGF may be a useful biomarker to assess disease severity, predict prognosis, and assess the likelihood of recurrence in various ocular cancers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.ojo_20_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T17:04:34Z","timestamp":1761671074000},"page":"308-314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum vascular endothelial growth factor in patients with nonmelanoma primary ocular malignancies: A possible potential biomarker of tumor progression and poor prognosis"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Rajendra Prakash","family":"Maurya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anjali","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Maharaja Suhel Dev Autonomous State Medical College, Bahraich, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virendra Pratap","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Regional Institute of Ophthalmology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunit K.","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Biology, Institute of Medical Sciences, 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