{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T20:22:17Z","timestamp":1787775737146,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Pediatric cataract is an important cause of avoidable childhood blindness in India. Although there are studies on clinical features and visual acuity outcomes of pediatric cataract surgery, there are no studies that look into aspects of color vision, stereopsis, and cognitive functions in children with cataracts. Studying these parameters pre- and postsurgery will help us assess the overall components of visual function that are critical for the child\u2019s development. With this in mind, we aimed to study the clinical features, outcome of treatment, color vision, stereopsis, and cognitive functions in children with cataracts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>MATERIALS AND METHODS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Design: Hospital-based prospective descriptive study. Data of 68 children (0 &lt; 18 years) were collected, on the clinical features, visual acuity, color vision, stereopsis, and social and intelligence quotient before and after surgery. Data analysis was performed using Graph Pad Prism software version 9.4.0 (673).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Ninety eyes of 68 children (36\u2013bilateral\/32\u2013unilateral) were operated. A total of 46 children were available at 6 months\u2019 follow-up (28 bilateral cataracts (46 eyes) and 18 unilateral cataracts). Nineteen (67.8%) of the bilateral, had a best corrected visual acuity of 6\/6-6\/18 in the better eye and nine (50%) of the unilateral had a visual acuity of 6\/18-6\/6 in the operated eye. Preoperatively, 61.5% of the children had a stereopsis of 100\u2013600 arc-secs. Post-operatively, 84.4% of the children had a stereopsis in the range &lt;50\u2013600 arc-secs. All children had color vision deficiency. Preoperatively, 62% of the children had strong and moderate deficiency, whereas postoperatively, 66.6% had mild deficiency. We found negative correlation (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">r =<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u22120.503) between social quotient and percentage of visual impairment indicating that when visual impairment increases social quotient decreases. The mean IQ preoperatively was 94.36 \u00b1 2.98 and postoperatively 101.38 \u00b1 2.77, with 95% confidence interval\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      value was statistically significant (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.0001). This shows better and faster performance postoperatively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Majority of the children had improved visual acuity after surgery. This outcome can be extrapolated to the overall improvement in stereopsis, color vision, and higher cognitive functions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.ojo_225_22","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T01:03:38Z","timestamp":1719450218000},"page":"237-244","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Outcome of pediatric cataract surgery including color vision, stereopsis, and cognition in a tertiary eye care center in India"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Vasudha","family":"Kemmanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aayesha","family":"Khanum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-retinal Services Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhanumathi","family":"Madhavrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nithya","family":"Raghunandan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sumitha","family":"Muthu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Venkatesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vitreo-retinal Services Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhujanga K.","family":"Shetty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cataract Services Narayana Nethralaya, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1995.137","article-title":"Childhood blindness in India: Causes in 1318 blind school students in nine states","volume":"9","author":"Rahi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R2-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2012.88","article-title":"A survey of severe visual impairment in children attending schools for the blind in a coastal district of Andhra Pradesh in South India","volume":"26","author":"Krishnaiah","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R3-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-018-0142-z","article-title":"Emerging trends in childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in India: The Pavagada pediatric eye disease study 2","volume":"32","author":"Kemmanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R4-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.87.3.263","article-title":"Childhood blindness in India: A population based perspective","volume":"87","author":"Dandona","year":"2003","journal-title":"Br J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R5-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1080\/09286580801977668","article-title":"Childhood blindness in a rural population of southern India: Prevalence and etiology","volume":"15","author":"Dorairaj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R6-20260507","first-page":"623","article-title":"Refractive error in children in an urban population in New Delhi","volume":"43","author":"Murthy","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R7-20260507","first-page":"615","article-title":"Refractive error in children in a rural population in India","volume":"43","author":"Dandona","year":"2002","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R8-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(03)00421-5","article-title":"The Kariapatti pediatric eye evaluation project: Baseline ophthalmic data of children aged 15 years or younger in Southern India","volume":"136","author":"Nirmalan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R9-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.3109\/09286586.2015.1090003","article-title":"Prevalence of childhood blindness and ocular morbidity in a rural pediatric population in Southern India: The Pavagada pediatric eye disease study-1","volume":"23","author":"Kemmanu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Epidemiol"},{"key":"R10-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_2076_18","article-title":"Prevalence and causes of childhood blindness in India: A systematic review","volume":"68","author":"Wadhwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R11-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1356","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.15111","article-title":"Visual system and motor development in children: A systematic review","volume":"100","author":"S\u00e1nchez-Gonz\u00e1lez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R12-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-557X.106418","article-title":"Ocular morbidity among children at a tertiary eye care hospital in Kolkata, West Bengal","volume":"56","author":"Biswas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J Public Health"},{"key":"R13-20260507","first-page":"91","article-title":"Vineland social maturity scale: An update on administration and scoring","volume":"46","author":"Roopesh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Indian J Clin Psychol"},{"key":"R14-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.15212\/FMCH.2017.0118","article-title":"Seguin form board as an intelligence tool for young children in an Indian urban slum","volume":"5","author":"Koshy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fam Med Community Health"},{"key":"R15-20260507","article-title":"Guidelines for Evaluation of Various Disabilities and Procedure for Certification. Notification Dated 1st June, 2001","journal-title":"The Gazette of India Extraordinary. Part 1. Section 1. No 154"},{"key":"R16-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.156","article-title":"Global prevalence of childhood cataract: A systematic review","volume":"30","author":"Sheeladevi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R17-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1558_20","article-title":"Profile of congenital cataract in the first year of life from a tertiary care center in South India \u2013 A modern series","volume":"69","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R18-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4254","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-04332-1","article-title":"Clinical features of congenital and developmental cataract in East China: A five-year retrospective review","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R19-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2072","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_3332_20","article-title":"Tribal Odisha Eye Disease Study (TOES). Report # 8. Childhood cataract surgery and determinants of visual outcome in tribal districts","volume":"69","author":"Majhi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R20-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.4103\/ijo.IJO_1023_17","article-title":"Pediatric cataract","volume":"65","author":"Khokhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R21-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2005.01.012","article-title":"Cataracts in children","volume":"31","author":"Zetterstr\u00f6m","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Cataract Refract Surg"},{"key":"R22-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2020.0006","article-title":"Long-term effect of intraocular lens versus contact lens correction on visual acuity after cataract surgery during infancy: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"138","author":"Lambert","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20260507","first-page":"77","article-title":"Pediatric cataract: Challenges and future directions","volume":"9","author":"Medsinge","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R24-20260507","first-page":"583","article-title":"Color vision in sight recovery individuals","volume":"37","author":"Pitchaimuthu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"R25-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.040","article-title":"The limits of shape recognition following late emergence from blindness","volume":"25","author":"McKyton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"R26-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.128630","article-title":"Long term outcomes of bilateral congenital and developmental cataracts operated in Maharashtra, India. Miraj pediatric cataract study III","volume":"62","author":"Gogate","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R27-20260507","first-page":"1767","article-title":"Stereopsis after congenital cataract","volume":"34","author":"Tytla","year":"1993","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"key":"R28-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.164","article-title":"Factors associated with stereopsis and a good visual acuity outcome among children in the Infant Aphakia treatment study","volume":"30","author":"Lambert","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye (Lond)"},{"key":"R29-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e379","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2005-1530","article-title":"Impact of visual impairment on measures of cognitive function for children with congenital toxoplasmosis: Implications for compensatory intervention strategies","volume":"118","author":"Roizen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"R30-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/0145482X9809201104","article-title":"Social cognition in children with visual impairments","volume":"92","author":"Pring","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Vis Impair Blind"},{"key":"R31-20260507","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.70.3.192","article-title":"Developmental setback in severe visual impairment","volume":"70","author":"Cass","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"}],"container-title":["Oman Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_225_22","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T19:40:38Z","timestamp":1787773238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_225_22"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"references-count":31,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_225_22","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-620X","0974-7842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-620X","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-07-31","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2024-05-15","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}