{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T16:30:03Z","timestamp":1787070603561,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract:<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>BACKGROUND:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Computer vision syndrome (CVS) is an increasingly prevalent ocular health concern among medical students due to visual display terminal (VDT) dependent learning methods. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of CVS among medical students and the effectiveness of a 2-week ergonomic intervention in reducing its symptoms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>METHODOLOGY:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical students between 17 and 25 years of age, using VDT for \u22656 months with corrected visual acuity of 6\/6 were included. CVS score was recorded using a validated questionnaire. Participants attended a 1-h ergonomic counseling session, followed by a 2-week intervention period where adherence was tracked using an objective assessment card. On day 15, the preergonomic session CVS score was compared with postsession score to evaluate the efficacy of ergonomic modifications.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>RESULTS:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the study of 114 participants (90 males and 24 females), cellphones (100%), laptops (46%), and tablets (40%) were the most common VDTs used. At baseline, the median CVS score was 4.00 (inter-quartile ratio [IQR]: 2.00\u20138.00), with 41.2% reporting CVS symptoms. Postintervention, CVS symptoms were reported in 18.4% participants. The median CVS score decreased significantly to 2.00 (IQR: 1.00\u20135.00; Wilcoxon signed\u2013rank test,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Z<\/jats:italic>\n                      = \u22126.525,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001). Symptoms like burning, itching, and tearing improved significantly (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.0001), whereas others, including headache and blurred vision, showed no significant improvement.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>CONCLUSION:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>CVS is an increasingly prevalent ocular pathology among medical students. Adopting correct ergonomic practices can play a crucial step in the management of many of its symptoms, underscoring the importance of sensitizing VDT users to correct ergonomic principles.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/ojo.ojo_31_25","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T19:00:09Z","timestamp":1772218809000},"page":"48-53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Efficacy of ergonomic modifications in the management of computer vision syndrome among medical students"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Mamta","family":"Singh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gayatri","family":"Bhatia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noor","family":"Husain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Priya","family":"Jagan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rajkot, Gujarat, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"R1-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.survophthal.2005.02.008","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome: A review","volume":"50","author":"Blehm","year":"2005","journal-title":"Surv Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R3-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1801","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-28750-6","article-title":"Prevalence of computer vision syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Anbesu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"R4-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2023.107493","article-title":"Digital eye strain in young screen users: A systematic review","volume":"170","author":"Mataftsi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev Med"},{"key":"R6-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1177\/001872088302500203","article-title":"VDT workstation design: Preferred settings and their effects","volume":"25","author":"Grandjean","year":"1983","journal-title":"Hum Factors"},{"key":"R7-20260302","first-page":"012025","volume":"1033","author":"Shwetha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Applications of Ergonomic Studies in India: A Literature Review"},{"key":"R8-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.4103\/2141-9248.129028","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome and associated factors among medical and engineering students in chennai","volume":"4","author":"Logaraj","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Med Health Sci Res"},{"key":"R9-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1177\/1120672118815110","article-title":"Prevalence of self-reported computer vision syndrome symptoms and its associated factors among university students","volume":"30","author":"Al","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur J Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R10-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2015.01.015","article-title":"A reliable and valid questionnaire was developed to measure computer vision syndrome at the workplace","volume":"68","author":"Segu\u00edMdel","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"R11-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s40123-022-00540-9","article-title":"Digital eye strain-a comprehensive review","volume":"11","author":"Kaur","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ophthalmol Ther"},{"key":"R13-20260302","first-page":"45","article-title":"A study of computer-related upper limb discomfort and computer vision syndrome","volume":"36","author":"Sen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Hum Ergol (Tokyo)"},{"key":"R15-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0206541","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206541","article-title":"The influences of smartphone use on the status of the tear film and ocular surface","volume":"13","author":"Choi","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"R16-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13035","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13035","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome and ergonomic practices among undergraduate university students","volume":"72","author":"Mowatt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R17-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58428","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-023-26258-0","article-title":"Association between time spent on smartphones and digital eye strain: A 1-year prospective observational study among Hong Kong children and adolescents","volume":"30","author":"Chu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ Sci Pollut Res Int"},{"key":"R19-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10792-022-02525-w","article-title":"The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the prevalence of computer vision syndrome among medical students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia","volume":"43","author":"Almousa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Ophthalmol"},{"key":"R23-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13681","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13681","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome prevalence according to individual and video display terminal exposure characteristics in Spanish university students","volume":"75","author":"Cant\u00f3-Sancho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Clin Pract"},{"key":"R24-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1080\/08164622.2021.1878843","article-title":"Effect of digital device use during COVID-19 on digital eye strain","volume":"104","author":"Alabdulkader","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R25-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v20i3.4275","article-title":"Digital eye strain in medical undergraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"20","author":"Shrestha","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Nepal Health Res Counc"},{"key":"R26-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20503121221142402","DOI":"10.1177\/20503121221142402","article-title":"Computer vision syndrome and its determinants: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Lema","year":"2022","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"R27-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12798","article-title":"Management of digital eye strain","volume":"102","author":"Coles-Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Exp Optom"},{"key":"R28-20260302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s13312-022-2477-6","article-title":"Indian academy of pediatrics guidelines on screen time and digital wellness in infants, children and adolescents","volume":"59","author":"Gupta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian Pediatr"},{"key":"R30-20260302","first-page":"1019","article-title":"Assessment of computer workstations for compliance with ergonomic guidelines: A field study","volume":"69","author":"Skelly","year":"2021","journal-title":"Work"}],"container-title":["Oman Journal of Ophthalmology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_31_25","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T15:32:05Z","timestamp":1787067125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.ovid.com\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_31_25"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4103\/ojo.ojo_31_25","relation":{},"ISSN":["0974-620X","0974-7842"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0974-620X","type":"print"},{"value":"0974-7842","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-01-21","name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-10-10","name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}