{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T17:31:15Z","timestamp":1786728675181,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-sa\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and purpose:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing protein-3 (TIM-3)\/ galectin-9 (Gal-9)\/ autocrine loop in myeloid leukemia stem cells provokes inflammation through the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway, which is influential in the expression of inflammatory factors. Interleukin 1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) is a vital inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the proliferation and therapy resistance of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells. This study aimed to assess the effect of Gal-9 on IL-1\u03b2 in the human leukemic U937 cell line.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Experimental approach:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The U937 cells were cultured in different concentrations of Gal-9. Cell counting kit-8 was used to assess the effect of Gal-9 on human leukemic U937 cell proliferation. Also, its impact on the expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TIM-3, Gal-9, IL-1\u03b2, IL-1\u03b2R, IL-1\u03b2RAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">NLRP3<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes and IL-1\u03b2 protein was studied by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. Moreover, the effect of Gal-9 on the NF-\u03baB signaling pathway was evaluated by western blotting.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings\/Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      U937 cells were expanded in the presence of Gal-9 in a concentration-dependent manner. Following treatment of U937 cells with Gal-9, the gene expression of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Gal-9, IL-1B, IL-1BR<\/jats:italic>\n                      , and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-1BRAP<\/jats:italic>\n                      were significantly upregulated compared to the control group. The IL-1\u03b2 concentration increased following Gal-9 treatment in a concentration-dependent manner, while following time-pass its level significantly decreased. Furthermore, Gal-9 slightly increased NF-\u03baB phosphorylation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion and implications:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gal-9 increased IL-1\u03b2 level as a critical inflammatory cytokine in the proliferation and resistance of AML cells to therapy. According to this finding, targeting and blocking the TIM-3\/Gal-9 autocrine loop can suppress IL-1\u03b2 production and facilitate AML treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.4103\/rps.rps_234_23","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,31]],"date-time":"2025-03-31T02:02:08Z","timestamp":1743386528000},"page":"304-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Galectin-9 induces IL-1\u03b2 production as a key inflammatory cytokine in the acute myeloid leukemia cell line (U937)"],"prefix":"10.4103","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Nafiseh","family":"Behranvand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 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